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Water Heater Maintenance Tips: Home Repair and Service Guide

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Maintaining your water heater tank is crucial for its smooth and efficient operation. Follow these simple tips like flushing the tank and checking for leaks to keep your unit in top condition, extend its lifespan, and avoid expensive repairs.

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Learn the top water heater maintenance tips for optimal performance and durability.

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Stay ahead of the competition with the latest trends in top industries.

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Stay ahead of the competition with the latest trends in top industries.

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How to Save Money by Picking the Right Trash Bag for Your Business

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Learn which size of trash bag best suits your business in our guide.

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Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

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Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

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Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

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Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

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Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

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Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

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Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

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The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

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(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

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Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

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One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

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Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

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How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

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The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

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If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

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Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

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PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

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To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

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Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

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A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

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A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

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What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

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What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

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To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

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Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

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Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

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Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

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It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

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These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

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Zoro's Editorial Staff

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Table of Contents

13-Gallon Trash Bags

18-Gallon Trash Bags

20-Gallon Trash Bags

33-Gallon Trash Bags

45-Gallon Trash Bags

56-Gallon Trash Bags

60-Gallon Trash Bags

Why Not Just Buy a 30-Gallon Trash Bag for a 30-Gallon Trash Can?

Math Formula to Find the Correct Trash Bag Size

How Do You Determine the Strength of a Trash Bag?

Star-Seal Trash Bags

Flat-Seal Trash Bags

Gusset-Seal Trash Bags

How Much Weight Can Trash Bags Hold?

Conclusion: Don’t Just Go for the Cheapest Trash Bag

Purchasing trash bags for your office or facility’s trash cans or recycling bins can be puzzling, with so many questions like, “What size trash bag do I need?” Or “Is this going to be too big? Too small?”

While deciding on trash bag sizes may seem trivial, there’s more to it than you think. Too small, and you’re tying the tiniest knot to close it. Too big, and you’re wasting plastic—and money. And both situations could result in problems with fit, leaks, and even tearing.

Different trash bag sizes serve different purposes and needs, whether they’re at the front of your office or the back of your facility. No worries, though! We’re breaking down the various sizes and their purposes below.

13-Gallon Trash Bags

When it comes to front office or breakroom use, 12- to 16-gallon trash cans are the most common. The standard trash bag size of 13 gallons is ideal for these needs, as they fit snugly and hold the right amount of trash for your sanitation schedule.

18-Gallon Trash Bags

Higher-traffic areas—such as breakrooms or conference areas—accumulate more trash. With larger groups of people, it’s recommended that you use 18-gallon trash bags for your garbage can or recycling bin. That way, they can accommodate more garbage while providing space for you to properly tie off the trash bag before throwing it away.

20-Gallon Trash Bags

For jobs like smaller construction sites, a 20-gallon trash bag capacity is ideal. These are great for collecting scraps and yard debris or even for recycling large amounts of paper at the office. There's also enough room to leave ample space to seal and discard the bags.

33-Gallon Trash Bags

33-gallon trash bags come in handy for business and commercial buildings or heftier jobsites. These trash bags are made to hold bulkier pieces of debris or yard litter in a larger volume bag compared to the 20-gallon. You can also load smaller trash bags into this larger bag for an easier time taking your office trash bags to the dumpster. Their in-between size also ensures they’re not too heavy to carry.

45-Gallon Trash Bags

Durability becomes a more critical factor for demo and renovation projects. On these types of jobs where you have to pick up more cumbersome pieces such as drywall, or sharper objects like nails or screws, 45-gallon trash bags offer a thicker, more puncture-resistant option. Their larger size also means you can fit much more inside them on the jobsite.

56-Gallon Trash Bags

When the 45-gallon trash bags don’t do the trick, why not go with the 56-gallon bags? These trash bags are huge and come in handy for organization and protective purposes. They’re strong, tough, puncture-resistant, and work great for storing items in your facility, shed, garage, or warehouse.

60-Gallon Trash Bags

In places like recreation centers or commercial warehouses, where a larger amount of people gather, 60-gallon trash bags are a great solution. They’re perfect for getting rid of mass amounts of items and are worry-free because of their strength and stability. 60-gallon trash bags are one of the largest you can purchase and carry almost anything you need to discard.

Why Not Just Buy a 30-Gallon Trash Bag for a 30-Gallon Trash Can?

The size of the trash can or recycling bin does not always directly correlate to the size of the trash bag required. Some overhang—about 4 to 6 inches—is necessary so that you can easily tie off and change the trash bag. Any overhang beyond 4 to 6 inches means that you can use a smaller size trash bag. That way, you’re not wasting excess plastic or having to spend more on larger size bags, helping both the environment and your wallet.

Math Formula to Find the Correct Trash Bag Size

If numbers are your thing, check this out.

When looking at trash bag measurements (example: 38" x 58"), the first number is the width of the trash bag when it is laid flat (this would also be half of the circumference). The second number is the length of the trash bag from top to bottom.

Square Container Circumference
Circumference = Add the lengths of all four sides added together
Example: 10"+22"+22"+10" = 64" circumference

Round Container Circumference
Circumference = Diameter multiplied by 3.14
Example: 12" diameter x 3.14 = 37.68" circumference

Bag Length (round and square containers)
Add the height of the container plus 4-6 inches for overhang

A 38" x 58" trash bag will have a 76" (38" x 2) circumference. These formulas will help determine the circumference of your trash container to see what size trash bag will work best.

How Do You Determine the Strength of a Trash Bag?

Trash bag strength is determined by three things: the type of plastic, the trash bag’s thickness, and the type of seal used. There are three types of seals, listed below.

Note: the seal refers to the method used to seal the bottom of a trash bag, not how to tie a trash bag.

Star-Seal Trash Bags

Star seals are made by folding the bottom of the trash bag over itself several times. This type of seal is most commonly used by trash bag manufacturers as it helps eliminate leaks, prevents trash from piling up in one specific area, and allows the trash bag to be used in any garbage can or recycling bin, no matter the shape.

Flat-Seal Trash Bags

Flat seals are created by sealing the bottom edges of the trash bag together, ensuring no length of the trash bag goes unused. This type of seal is leak proof. However, they’re not as useful in different shaped garbage cans.

Gusset-Seal Trash Bags

Gusset seals are formed by taking the bottom edges and tucking them in to form a gusset. The outer edges become reinforced with four layers while the middle of the trash bag has only two. This seal has some discrepancy in strength, so these trash bags tend to leak.

How Much Weight Can Trash Bags Hold?

Use the trash bag size chart below to help determine which size trash bag you need based on how much weight the trash bag needs to hold.

Size | Thickness | Gallon Capacity | Load (Dry Weight)

20" x 21"

24" x 23"

24" x 32"

30" x 36"

30" x 36"

33" x 39"

33" x 39"

36" x 58"

38" x 58"

38" x 58"

40" x 46"

40" x 46"

43" x 47"

0.35

0.35

0.35

0.5

0.7

0.5

0.65

0.7

0.7

0.55

0.5

0.7

0.7

7

8-10

12-16

20-30

20-30

33

33

55

60

60

40-45

40-45

56

7 lbs.

10 lbs

10 lbs.

20 lbs.

30 lbs.

20 lbs.

40 lbs.

40 lbs.

30 lbs.

40 lbs.

30 lbs.

30 lbs.

40 lbs.

Source: blog.interplas.com

Conclusion: Don’t Just Go for the Cheapest Trash Bag

From small trash bag sizes to ginormous ones, there is a trash bag that meets the demands of your business, office, or facility. Prices of trash bags vary, dependent upon size and thickness, so remember, using the wrong trash bag size could lead to you spending more money by paying for more bags or because you’re paying for excess plastic you don’t need. Use this guide to inform your decision-making for your next trash bag purchase!

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Trash bags come in many sizes and price tags. Find the trash bag with the right capacity, thickness, and price that will best fit your business’s needs and budget.

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PEX Tubing: Why You Should Be Using This Popular Alternative to Traditional Plumbing Solutions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
PEX tubing is more popular than ever. Find out what's driving the trend toward this innovative solution.

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Stay ahead of the competition with the latest trends in top industries.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].description
Stay ahead of the competition with the latest trends in top industries.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].title
How to Save Money by Picking the Right Trash Bag for Your Business

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn which size of trash bag best suits your business in our guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Table of Contents

13-Gallon Trash Bags

18-Gallon Trash Bags

20-Gallon Trash Bags

33-Gallon Trash Bags

45-Gallon Trash Bags

56-Gallon Trash Bags

60-Gallon Trash Bags

Why Not Just Buy a 30-Gallon Trash Bag for a 30-Gallon Trash Can?

Math Formula to Find the Correct Trash Bag Size

How Do You Determine the Strength of a Trash Bag?

Star-Seal Trash Bags

Flat-Seal Trash Bags

Gusset-Seal Trash Bags

How Much Weight Can Trash Bags Hold?

Conclusion: Don’t Just Go for the Cheapest Trash Bag

Purchasing trash bags for your office or facility’s trash cans or recycling bins can be puzzling, with so many questions like, “What size trash bag do I need?” Or “Is this going to be too big? Too small?”

While deciding on trash bag sizes may seem trivial, there’s more to it than you think. Too small, and you’re tying the tiniest knot to close it. Too big, and you’re wasting plastic—and money. And both situations could result in problems with fit, leaks, and even tearing.

Different trash bag sizes serve different purposes and needs, whether they’re at the front of your office or the back of your facility. No worries, though! We’re breaking down the various sizes and their purposes below.

13-Gallon Trash Bags

When it comes to front office or breakroom use, 12- to 16-gallon trash cans are the most common. The standard trash bag size of 13 gallons is ideal for these needs, as they fit snugly and hold the right amount of trash for your sanitation schedule.

18-Gallon Trash Bags

Higher-traffic areas—such as breakrooms or conference areas—accumulate more trash. With larger groups of people, it’s recommended that you use 18-gallon trash bags for your garbage can or recycling bin. That way, they can accommodate more garbage while providing space for you to properly tie off the trash bag before throwing it away.

20-Gallon Trash Bags

For jobs like smaller construction sites, a 20-gallon trash bag capacity is ideal. These are great for collecting scraps and yard debris or even for recycling large amounts of paper at the office. There's also enough room to leave ample space to seal and discard the bags.

33-Gallon Trash Bags

33-gallon trash bags come in handy for business and commercial buildings or heftier jobsites. These trash bags are made to hold bulkier pieces of debris or yard litter in a larger volume bag compared to the 20-gallon. You can also load smaller trash bags into this larger bag for an easier time taking your office trash bags to the dumpster. Their in-between size also ensures they’re not too heavy to carry.

45-Gallon Trash Bags

Durability becomes a more critical factor for demo and renovation projects. On these types of jobs where you have to pick up more cumbersome pieces such as drywall, or sharper objects like nails or screws, 45-gallon trash bags offer a thicker, more puncture-resistant option. Their larger size also means you can fit much more inside them on the jobsite.

56-Gallon Trash Bags

When the 45-gallon trash bags don’t do the trick, why not go with the 56-gallon bags? These trash bags are huge and come in handy for organization and protective purposes. They’re strong, tough, puncture-resistant, and work great for storing items in your facility, shed, garage, or warehouse.

60-Gallon Trash Bags

In places like recreation centers or commercial warehouses, where a larger amount of people gather, 60-gallon trash bags are a great solution. They’re perfect for getting rid of mass amounts of items and are worry-free because of their strength and stability. 60-gallon trash bags are one of the largest you can purchase and carry almost anything you need to discard.

Why Not Just Buy a 30-Gallon Trash Bag for a 30-Gallon Trash Can?

The size of the trash can or recycling bin does not always directly correlate to the size of the trash bag required. Some overhang—about 4 to 6 inches—is necessary so that you can easily tie off and change the trash bag. Any overhang beyond 4 to 6 inches means that you can use a smaller size trash bag. That way, you’re not wasting excess plastic or having to spend more on larger size bags, helping both the environment and your wallet.

Math Formula to Find the Correct Trash Bag Size

If numbers are your thing, check this out.

When looking at trash bag measurements (example: 38" x 58"), the first number is the width of the trash bag when it is laid flat (this would also be half of the circumference). The second number is the length of the trash bag from top to bottom.

Square Container Circumference
Circumference = Add the lengths of all four sides added together
Example: 10"+22"+22"+10" = 64" circumference

Round Container Circumference
Circumference = Diameter multiplied by 3.14
Example: 12" diameter x 3.14 = 37.68" circumference

Bag Length (round and square containers)
Add the height of the container plus 4-6 inches for overhang

A 38" x 58" trash bag will have a 76" (38" x 2) circumference. These formulas will help determine the circumference of your trash container to see what size trash bag will work best.

How Do You Determine the Strength of a Trash Bag?

Trash bag strength is determined by three things: the type of plastic, the trash bag’s thickness, and the type of seal used. There are three types of seals, listed below.

Note: the seal refers to the method used to seal the bottom of a trash bag, not how to tie a trash bag.

Star-Seal Trash Bags

Star seals are made by folding the bottom of the trash bag over itself several times. This type of seal is most commonly used by trash bag manufacturers as it helps eliminate leaks, prevents trash from piling up in one specific area, and allows the trash bag to be used in any garbage can or recycling bin, no matter the shape.

Flat-Seal Trash Bags

Flat seals are created by sealing the bottom edges of the trash bag together, ensuring no length of the trash bag goes unused. This type of seal is leak proof. However, they’re not as useful in different shaped garbage cans.

Gusset-Seal Trash Bags

Gusset seals are formed by taking the bottom edges and tucking them in to form a gusset. The outer edges become reinforced with four layers while the middle of the trash bag has only two. This seal has some discrepancy in strength, so these trash bags tend to leak.

How Much Weight Can Trash Bags Hold?

Use the trash bag size chart below to help determine which size trash bag you need based on how much weight the trash bag needs to hold.

Size | Thickness | Gallon Capacity | Load (Dry Weight)

20" x 21"

24" x 23"

24" x 32"

30" x 36"

30" x 36"

33" x 39"

33" x 39"

36" x 58"

38" x 58"

38" x 58"

40" x 46"

40" x 46"

43" x 47"

0.35

0.35

0.35

0.5

0.7

0.5

0.65

0.7

0.7

0.55

0.5

0.7

0.7

7

8-10

12-16

20-30

20-30

33

33

55

60

60

40-45

40-45

56

7 lbs.

10 lbs

10 lbs.

20 lbs.

30 lbs.

20 lbs.

40 lbs.

40 lbs.

30 lbs.

40 lbs.

30 lbs.

30 lbs.

40 lbs.

Source: blog.interplas.com

Conclusion: Don’t Just Go for the Cheapest Trash Bag

From small trash bag sizes to ginormous ones, there is a trash bag that meets the demands of your business, office, or facility. Prices of trash bags vary, dependent upon size and thickness, so remember, using the wrong trash bag size could lead to you spending more money by paying for more bags or because you’re paying for excess plastic you don’t need. Use this guide to inform your decision-making for your next trash bag purchase!

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Trash bags come in many sizes and price tags. Find the trash bag with the right capacity, thickness, and price that will best fit your business’s needs and budget.

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PEX Tubing: Why You Should Be Using This Popular Alternative to Traditional Plumbing Solutions

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PEX tubing is more popular than ever. Find out what's driving the trend toward this innovative solution.

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As an innovative and highly useful solution for plumbing installations, PEX tubing represents a new alternative and trend that pros should strongly consider using on the jobsite. Just as PVC once revolutionized home plumbing many decades ago, PEX has in recent years led to major shifts in the plumbing industry. In fact, according to Yahoo! Finance, the growing need for efficient heating and cooling systems has brought PEX tubing to the forefront of a growing heating and cooling systems market. In this guide, we'll explore what exactly PEX tubing is, how it can be used, what advantages it offers to professionals, and much more.

Table of Contents

What Is PEX Tubing?

Why Use PEX in Plumbing Installations?

Ideal Applications for PEX Installations

Limitations of PEX Tubing

1. What Is PEX Tubing?

At its most basic level, PEX tubing is made of cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), a plastic material with unique properties that make it well-suited for certain applications. PEX is not a brand or manufacturer, but much like PVC, it's a type of tubing that is useful in specific situations. Compared to common alternatives like copper pipes, galvanized steel, and PVC, PEX is more flexible and easier to install. It offers higher resistance to heat, is better than PVC for use with drinking water systems, and is one of the longest-lasting options for water supply piping. PEX is available in a wide range of common sizes and comes in A, B, or C forms. The difference in forms is related to the PEX manufacturing method, with B being the most common type.

PEX Products

PEX Tubing | PEX Tubing | PEX 90° Elbow | PEX Coupling
| | |

2. Why Use PEX in Plumbing Installations?

Wondering why exactly PEX has become such a popular and trendy alternative to copper and other types of piping for professional plumbers? There are actually a few reasons which combine to explain the popularity of this modern material.

One of PEX's primary advantages is its rapid installation time, which can be as little as half the time required for common alternatives like copper and PVC. PEX is also significantly cheaper than copper plumbing and can cost about one-quarter of the price of a similar pipe. PEX is also extremely flexible compared to other options, allowing it to reach around obstacles more easily and reducing the installation time and costs associated with extra fittings and materials. Finally, PEX is a long-lasting, durable material that won't need to be replaced for many decades, and it's known for being able to withstand more thermal stress than other pipes, making it ideal for hot water applications.

Types of Piping/Tubing Materials

PEX | PVC | Copper
| |

3. Ideal Applications for PEX Installations

Although PEX tubing has a wide range of possible applications, there are a few situations in which professional plumbers are most likely to rely on PEX. These are generally residential or commercial applications that involve potable water (drinking water) supply or heat transfer applications, such as water supply lines, floor cooling, snow melting, and radiators. PEX can also be used for residential fire and sprinkler systems. Keep in mind that PEX is not suitable for outdoor applications because it can be broken down by UV rays. PEX is generally accepted by all U.S. plumbing and building codes, but you'll still want to check your local plumbing requirements before moving forward with your first PEX installation.

4. Limitations of PEX Tubing

Despite its many advantages and uses, there are some limitations of PEX tubing that you'll want to consider as a plumber. First, PEX tubing can only be installed in approved locations where it can be protected from damage. For example, PEX should not make contact with extremely high temperatures, flames, UV light (as in outdoor applications), or high concentrations of chlorine—all of which can cause damage over time to the material. Also, PEX should not be used with certain mineral- and oil-based products or in contaminated soil, nor should it be installed near hazardous waste or petroleum storage tanks. See The Balance Small Business's guide to PEX plumbing for more information on potential limitations of PEX tubing.

Conclusion
PEX tubing is an innovative solution to many common piping challenges, as noted above. With significantly faster installation times, reduced costs, and greater flexibility, PEX tubing offers a number of advantages for use in water supply lines compared to alternatives like copper, galvanized steel, and PVC pipe. Looking to purchase PEX tubing for your next project? Shop our full assortment of PEX products to find everything you need to get the job done right.

Related articles

What to Know About the Use and Fitting of PVC and CPVC Pipes

Maintain Pipes and Plumbing

Copper Tubing Guide

How to Measure Pipe and Fitting Sizes

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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PEX tubing is an innovative, useful, and increasingly popular option for water supply lines. Find out why in our Resource Hub guide.

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Zoro's Editorial Staff

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As an innovative and highly useful solution for plumbing installations, PEX tubing represents a new alternative and trend that pros should strongly consider using on the jobsite. Just as PVC once revolutionized home plumbing many decades ago, PEX has in recent years led to major shifts in the plumbing industry. In fact, according to Yahoo! Finance, the growing need for efficient heating and cooling systems has brought PEX tubing to the forefront of a growing heating and cooling systems market. In this guide, we'll explore what exactly PEX tubing is, how it can be used, what advantages it offers to professionals, and much more.

Table of Contents

What Is PEX Tubing?

Why Use PEX in Plumbing Installations?

Ideal Applications for PEX Installations

Limitations of PEX Tubing

1. What Is PEX Tubing?

At its most basic level, PEX tubing is made of cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), a plastic material with unique properties that make it well-suited for certain applications. PEX is not a brand or manufacturer, but much like PVC, it's a type of tubing that is useful in specific situations. Compared to common alternatives like copper pipes, galvanized steel, and PVC, PEX is more flexible and easier to install. It offers higher resistance to heat, is better than PVC for use with drinking water systems, and is one of the longest-lasting options for water supply piping. PEX is available in a wide range of common sizes and comes in A, B, or C forms. The difference in forms is related to the PEX manufacturing method, with B being the most common type.

PEX Products

PEX Tubing | PEX Tubing | PEX 90° Elbow | PEX Coupling
| | |

2. Why Use PEX in Plumbing Installations?

Wondering why exactly PEX has become such a popular and trendy alternative to copper and other types of piping for professional plumbers? There are actually a few reasons which combine to explain the popularity of this modern material.

One of PEX's primary advantages is its rapid installation time, which can be as little as half the time required for common alternatives like copper and PVC. PEX is also significantly cheaper than copper plumbing and can cost about one-quarter of the price of a similar pipe. PEX is also extremely flexible compared to other options, allowing it to reach around obstacles more easily and reducing the installation time and costs associated with extra fittings and materials. Finally, PEX is a long-lasting, durable material that won't need to be replaced for many decades, and it's known for being able to withstand more thermal stress than other pipes, making it ideal for hot water applications.

Types of Piping/Tubing Materials

PEX | PVC | Copper
| |

3. Ideal Applications for PEX Installations

Although PEX tubing has a wide range of possible applications, there are a few situations in which professional plumbers are most likely to rely on PEX. These are generally residential or commercial applications that involve potable water (drinking water) supply or heat transfer applications, such as water supply lines, floor cooling, snow melting, and radiators. PEX can also be used for residential fire and sprinkler systems. Keep in mind that PEX is not suitable for outdoor applications because it can be broken down by UV rays. PEX is generally accepted by all U.S. plumbing and building codes, but you'll still want to check your local plumbing requirements before moving forward with your first PEX installation.

4. Limitations of PEX Tubing

Despite its many advantages and uses, there are some limitations of PEX tubing that you'll want to consider as a plumber. First, PEX tubing can only be installed in approved locations where it can be protected from damage. For example, PEX should not make contact with extremely high temperatures, flames, UV light (as in outdoor applications), or high concentrations of chlorine—all of which can cause damage over time to the material. Also, PEX should not be used with certain mineral- and oil-based products or in contaminated soil, nor should it be installed near hazardous waste or petroleum storage tanks. See The Balance Small Business's guide to PEX plumbing for more information on potential limitations of PEX tubing.

Conclusion
PEX tubing is an innovative solution to many common piping challenges, as noted above. With significantly faster installation times, reduced costs, and greater flexibility, PEX tubing offers a number of advantages for use in water supply lines compared to alternatives like copper, galvanized steel, and PVC pipe. Looking to purchase PEX tubing for your next project? Shop our full assortment of PEX products to find everything you need to get the job done right.

Related articles

What to Know About the Use and Fitting of PVC and CPVC Pipes

Maintain Pipes and Plumbing

Copper Tubing Guide

How to Measure Pipe and Fitting Sizes

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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PEX tubing is an innovative, useful, and increasingly popular option for water supply lines. Find out why in our Resource Hub guide.

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Zoro's Editorial Staff

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Essential Tips for Maintaining Your Home's Water Heater

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Essential Tips for Maintaining Your Home's Water Heater

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Maintaining your home's water heater is essential to keep your plumbing system running smoothly and efficiently. Whether you have an electric or gas-powered water heater, regular maintenance can help you avoid costly repairs or replacements in the future. To ensure your water heater is working properly, here are some essential tips for its maintenance.

Regularly check the temperature and pressure relief valve to ensure it functions properly.

Inspect the anode rod every few years to prevent corrosion and rust buildup in the tank.

Flush out sediment from the tank at least once a year to keep it running efficiently and reduce energy costs.

Ensure there is proper insulation around the tank.

Have a professional inspect your water heater annually to catch any potential problems early on before they become more serious issues down the road.

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How to Flush Your Hot Water Tank to Remove Sediment Buildup and Improve Efficiency

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How to Flush Your Hot Water Tank to Remove Sediment Buildup and Improve Efficiency

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Sediment buildup in your hot water tank can reduce efficiency and cause premature failure of other parts, such as heating elements. You must first turn off the power or gas supply to flush out sediment inside your tank. Then, attach a garden hose to the drain valve at the bottom of the tank and open it until all sediment has been flushed out completely. After flushing, make sure to close the drain valve tightly. If needed, you can use specialized cleaners designed specifically for this purpose—just ensure they are safe for use with electric or gas-powered tanks before using them! Flushing your hot water tank regularly will help keep it running efficiently and reduce wear and tear on other components.

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Inspecting anode rods for corrosion and knowing when to replace them is essential to protect the parts of your electric or gas-powered tank from damage due to corrosive elements. Inspecting your anode rods at least once a year is recommended, as they may become corroded beyond repair over time. If this happens, it is important to replace the anode rod immediately. For help with replacing the anode rod, contact a professional plumber.

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Maximize Energy Efficiency with Hot Water Tank Insulation and Professional Maintenance

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Maximize Energy Efficiency with Hot Water Tank Insulation and Professional Maintenance

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Properly insulating your hot water tank ensures energy efficiency. Keeping heat within the tank reduces the energy required to operate it, resulting in lower utility bills over time. When installing insulation material such as fiberglass batting, ensure there are no gaps between the material and the walls surrounding the unit. If any gaps are present, fill them with additional insulation and secure the insulation firmly into place using tape or glue. Regular maintenance checks are essential for keeping your water heater in top condition. Depending on usage levels, it's recommended to schedule professional maintenance every few years or more frequently.

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No hot water: If your water heater is not producing hot water, it could be a sign of a malfunctioning water heater.

Strange noises: If you hear strange noises coming the from ater, such as rumbling, popping, or banging, it could be a sign of a malfunctioning water heater.

Leaking: If you notice water leaking from your water heater or high energy bills it c,ould be a sign of a malfunctioning water heater.

Unusual odors: If you smell a strange odor from your water heater, it could be a sign of a malfunctioning water heater.

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Frequently Asked Questions About Maintaining a Water Heater

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What is meant by preventative maintenance on a water heater?

Preventative maintenance involves a routine check of the temperature and pressure relief valve, draining the tank to eliminate sediment buildup, examining the anode rod for corrosion, and inspecting the burner assembly.

How frequently should you drain your water heater?

It is suggested to drain your water heater at least once a year to remove sediment buildup.

How can I service my hot water heater?

To service your hot water heater, you should first turn off the power or gas supply, open the pressure relief valve, attach a hose to the drain valve and drain the tank until all the sediment has been removed. Then close the drain valve and refill the tank with fresh water.

What does gas water heater maintenance involve?

Gas water heater maintenance includes cleaning or replacing the burner assembly, checking for gas leaks, testing the operation of safety controls and thermostat settings, and inspecting venting systems.

What does electric water heater maintenance involve?

Electric water heater maintenance includes checking electrical connections, testing thermostat settings, inspecting heating elements for signs of wear or damage, and inspecting anode rods for corrosion.

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions. Portions of this article were generated in part by ChatGPT, and edited by a member of the Zoro team.

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Maintaining your water heater tank is crucial for its smooth and efficient operation. Follow these simple tips like flushing the tank and checking for leaks to keep your unit in top condition, extend its lifespan, and avoid expensive repairs.

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Use this guide to help you find which water heater you should buy.

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PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

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Discover the essential information about PVC pipe sizes and dimensions in this guide. Learn more about pipes and find the right fit for your project.

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Why Safety Nets Are Crucial in Any Industry

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Why Safety Nets Are Crucial in Any Industry

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Discover why safety nets are an essential part of any industry. Learn about their crucial role in ensuring worker safety, reducing risks, and contributing to overall business success.

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Unravel the critical role of safety nets across different industries.

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Learn the ins and outs of tons of products from multiple industries. Get your questions answered today.

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Learn the ins and outs of tons of products from multiple industries. Get your questions answered today.

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PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

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Discover the essential information about PVC pipe sizes and dimensions in this guide. Learn more about pipes and find the right fit for your project.

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With so many pipe sizes to choose from, reference our PVC pipe size guide to get the right supplies for your project.

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Learn the ins and outs of tons of products from multiple industries. Get your questions answered today.

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Learn the ins and outs of tons of products from multiple industries. Get your questions answered today.

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PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

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Discover the essential information about PVC pipe sizes and dimensions in this guide. Learn more about pipes and find the right fit for your project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
With so many pipe sizes to choose from, reference our PVC pipe size guide to get the right supplies for your project.

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Depending on the project at hand, you may need to buy new PVC pipes. PVC pipes vary in size and are broken down into three main categories: schedule 40, schedule 80, and schedule 120. To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit. It could save you and your team time and money from reordering materials or fixing future pipe issues.

PVC pipes are measured on a nominal system. This means all measurements are based on the types of structures versus specific measurements. For instance, 0.84 inches measured from one pipe's end to another is classified as a one-inch pipe. There are also different uses for each type of pipe schedule. Keep reading to understand each PVC pipe's size and uses for your next job.

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How to Measure Your Current PVC Pipe Size

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How to Measure Your Current PVC Pipe Size

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Your Measurement | Average Outer Diameter (OD)
Diameter | PVC Pipe Size Translation
0.84” | ½”
1.05” | ¾”
1.315” | 1”
1.66” | 1 ¼”
1.9” | 1 ½”
2.375” | 2”
3.5” | 3”
4” | 3 ½”
4.5” | 4”
5.563” | 5”
6.625” | 6”
8.625” | 8”
10.75” | 10”
*Works for Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 PVC pipes.

Pipe measurements are calculated on a nominal scale. This means their measurements reference structures at hand over true scale measurements. To help translate the correct size of pipes you need, we included a helpful guide above.

Here’s a step-by-step guide to using the chart:

Place your pipe on a hard surface and face one end towards you.

Grab a tape measure or ruler to measure your pipe’s right outer edge to its left outer edge. Keep your ruler as level as possible while measuring.

Now, pair “Your Measurement” with the “Average OD” referencing the chart above.

Pick out your pipes based on the Average OD your measurement paired with.

Keep in mind, these measurements refer to the outer edge of the pipe, not the inner. Depending on the schedule of pipe you need, your inner measurements may fluctuate.

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Nominal Pipe Size (Inches) | Outside Diameter (OD) | Min. Wall Thickness | Inside Diameter (ID) | Linear Weight Density (Wt. / Ft.)
1/8 | 0.405 | 0.068 | 0.249 | 0.051
1/4 | 0.540 | 0.086 | 0.344 | 0.086
3/8 | 0.675 | 0.091 | 0.473 | 0.115
1/2 | 0.840 | 0.109 | 0.602 | 0.170
3/4 | 1.050 | 0.113 | 0.804 | 0.226
1 | 1.315 | 0.133 | 1.029 | 0.333
1 1/4 | 1.660 | 0.140 | 1.360 | 0.450
1 1/2 | 1.900 | 0.145 | 1.590 | 0.537
2 | 2.375 | 0.154 | 2.047 | 0.720
2 1/2 | 2.875 | 0.203 | 2.445 | 1.136
3 | 3.500 | 0.216 | 3.042 | 1.488
3 1/2 | 4.000 | 0.226 | 3.521 | 1.789
4 | 4.500 | 0.237 | 3.998 | 2.118
5 | 5.563 | 0.258 | 5.016 | 2.874
6 | 6.625 | 0.280 | 6.031 | 3.733
8 | 8.625 | 0.322 | 7.942 | 5.619
10 | 10.750 | 0.365 | 9.976 | 7.966
12 | 12.750 | 0.406 | 11.889 | 10.534
14 | 14.000 | 0.437 | 13.073 | 12.462
16 | 16.000 | 0.500 | 14.940 | 16.286
18 | 18.000 | 0.562 | 16.809 | 20.587
20 | 20.000 | 0.593 | 18.743 | 24.183
24 | 24.000 | 0.687 | 22.544 | 33.652

Schedule 40 pipes are typically white or silver but can be found in other colors. These pipes are thinner than schedule 80s and 120s. This allows fluids to pass through faster than other pipe schedules. This style upholds great pressure, even for cold water systems. In hot temperatures, all three schedules are able to withstand up to 140 degrees.

Schedule 40 pipes are commonly used for drainage around buildings and for gas and water lines. The pressure rating for this pipe schedule is 120 to 810 pounds per second inch (PSI). As a result, schedule 40 pipes are commonly used for potable water systems, golf course construction, or pools and spas.

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Nominal Pipe Size (Inches) | Outside Diameter (OD) | Min. Wall Thickness | Inside Diameter (ID) | Linear Weight Density (Wt. / Ft.)
1/8 | 0.405 | 0.095 | 0.195 | 0.068
1/4 | 0.540 | 0.119 | 0.288 | 0.110
3/8 | 0.675 | 0.126 | 0.407 | 0.153
1/2 | 0.840 | 0.147 | 0.546 | 0.225
3/4 | 1.050 | 0.154 | 0.742 | 0.305
1 | 1.315 | 0.179 | 0.957 | 0.450
1 1/4 | 1.660 | 1.191 | 1.278 | 0.621
1 1/2 | 1.900 | 0.200 | 1.500 | 0.754
2 | 2.375 | 0.218 | 1.939 | 1.043
2 1/2 | 2.875 | 0.276 | 2.290 | 1.594
3 | 3.500 | 0.300 | 2.864 | 2.132
4 | 4.500 | 0.337 | 3.786 | 3.116
6 | 6.625 | 0.432 | 5.709 | 5.951
8 | 8.625 | 0.500 | 7.565 | 9.040
10 | 10.750 | 0.593 | 9.493 | 13.413
12 | 12.750 | 0.687 | 11.294 | 18.440
14 | 14.000 | 0.750 | 12.410 | 22.119
16 | 16.000 | 0.843 | 14.213 | 28.424
18 | 18.000 | 0.937 | 16.014 | 36.487
20 | 20.000 | 1.031 | 17.814 | 44.648
24 | 24.000 | 1.218 | 21.418 | 36.341

Schedule 80 pipes are thicker than schedule 40 pipes, but still not the thickest. These pipes are usually dark gray in color but may vary. Schedule 80 PVC pipes are built thicker and stronger than schedule 40s, and can handle higher pressures with a rating of 210 to 1230 PSI. They’re often used for chemical processing, industrial plating, deionized water lines, and wastewater treatment management.

Keep in mind, the thicker the pipe does not equal pipe security. Depending on the solutions you’d be transporting and the flow rate you’d like, mishaps can happen if you don’t choose the correct size and fit. For instance, if you use a heavy pipe for general solution purposes, your flow could be slower than needed.

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Nominal Pipe Size (Inches) | Outside Diameter (OD) | Min. Wall Thickness | Inside Diameter (ID) | Linear Weight Density (Wt. / Ft.)
1/2 | 0.840 | 0.170 | 0.480 | 0.236
3/4 | 1.050 | 0.170 | 0.690 | 0.311
1 | 1.320 | 0.200 | 0.891 | 0.464
1 1/4 | 1.660 | 0.215 | 1.204 | 0.649
1 1/2 | 1.900 | 0.225 | 1.423 | 0.787
2 | 2.380 | 0.250 | 1.84 | 1.111
2 1/2 | 2.880 | 0.300 | 2.239 | 1.615
3 | 3.500 | 0.350 | 2.758 | 2.306
4 | 4.500 | 0.430 | 3.574 | 19.000
6 | 6.625 | 0.532 | 5.434 | 36.390
8 | 8.625 | 0.719 | 7.189 | 60.440
10 | 10.750 | 0.844 | - | 98.290
12 | 12.750 | 1.000 | - | 125.490
14 | 14.000 | 1.094 | - | 150.790
16 | 16.000 | 1.219 | - | 192.430
18 | 18.000 | 1.375 | - | 244.140
20 | 20.000 | 1.500 | - | 296.370
22 | 22.000 | 1.625 | - | 353.610
24 | 24.000 | 1.812 | - | 429.390

Schedule 120 pipes are one of the thickest pipes on the market. With their density, they’re routinely used for non-corrosive or general corrosive projects with less reactive ingredients. Automotive and construction establishments frequently use these materials for maximum durability. Schedule 120’s pipe thickness helps slow down mild to high-pressure systems with a rating of 380 to 1,010 PSI.

Depending on the construction site you’re working on, contact your state for building code regulations. To avoid miscommunication, ensure you find out pipe schedules needed to properly meet local requirements.

Once you have your pipe sizes figured out, you’ll be able to move onto the next step: ordering pipe values. To help control your pipe flow, figure out which size valves you may need. When you’re ready to install your pipes and valves, be sure to reference our guide. As your team needs more materials or installation information, be sure to reference Zoro’s site for expert tips, tricks, and product needs.

Sources: Hunker

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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In need of new PVC pipes? Before getting started on a new project, find the right PVC pipe sizes and valve fittings to complete a job well done.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Install or Remove PVC Pipe Fittings

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
There are two types of PVC pipe fittings: Schedule 40 is mostly utilized in residential settings, whereas Schedule 80 is designed for industrial projects.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
A Glossary of Various Pipe Threads, Their Acronyms, and the Uses and Standards That Define Them

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Both PVC and CPVC pipes are sturdy and less expensive than metal piping, but do you know the differences between the two? From operating temperature to their intended applications, get to know the key distinctions with our helpful infographic.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].title
What are the Dimensions and Angles of Morse Tapers and Jacobs Tapers?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Correct use of Morse and Jacobs tapers starts with understanding their dimensions. Ensure machine shop tools provide secure and safe toolholding with this helpful information.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A machine taper, frequently referred to as a “drill sleeve,” is a means for securing toolholders or cutting tools in the spindle of a power tool or machine tool. A conical-shaped male member with a taper fits into the female socket, which has a matching taper at an equal angle.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A machine taper, frequently referred to as a “drill sleeve,” is a means for securing toolholders or cutting tools in the spindle of a power tool or machine tool. A conical-shaped male member with a taper fits into the female socket, which has a matching taper at an equal angle. They hold based on the friction action of the mating surfaces and the wedging action of the taper. Many power tool spindles, along with most machine tool spindles, use tapers as a way to attach tools. This guide will look at two of the most common types of tapers—Jacobs and Morse—some tools they work on, and different sizes and angles available.

Often, machine tool operators need to remove or install tool bits easily and quickly. Whether it's a drill press, handheld drill, or lathe, which have chucks (such as a drill chuck or collet chuck), the chuck is attached by a taper. A machine tool taper is a simple, versatile, highly repeatable, and low cost tool-mounting system. The taper provides indexability, as tools can be quickly changed, while also being precisely located both axially and concentrically by the taper.

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Application Use of Morse and Jacobs Tapers

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Application Use of Morse and Jacobs Tapers

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Morse and Jacobs tapers are examples of self-holding tapers. This means the male and female wedge together and bind to each other to the extent that the forces of drilling can be resisted without a drawbar. A drawbar, or spindle drawbar, is a clamping mechanism for tool holders on machine tools. The toolholder or machine taper itself is held by the drawbar and applies force to the spindle, especially when spinning at low speeds. When at idle, the tool will still stay in the spindle due to the drawbar. If a tool change is needed, it is driven out with a wedge.

Machinists are taught to take great care when handling Morse and Jacobs tapers as they are sensitive to nicks, dents, chips and dirt. When aligning the male conical taper with the female socket, if there are any imperfections or dirt, the pieces won't locate accurately nor hold reliably, leading to potential wobble and chatter of the workpiece. Taper shanks can easily be wiped clean. However, sockets, being deep and inaccessible, are best cleaned with a specialized taper cleaning tool which is inserted, twisted, and then removed.

The Jacobs taper, regularly abbreviated as JT, is most often used to secure drill press chucks to an arbor. The taper angles aren't consistent, varying from 1.41° per side for #0 (and the obscure #​2-1/2) to 2.33° per side for #2 (and #2 short). There are also several sizes between #2 and #3: #2 short, #6 and #33.

The Morse taper was named for and developed by Stephen A. Morse in the mid-1860s. Today, it's still one of the most widely used tapers, and is common on the shank of taper-shank twist drills and machine reamers, in the spindles of industrial drill presses, and in the tailstocks of lathes. The taper angle of the Morse taper varies somewhat with size but is typically 1.49°. They come in eight sizes identified by whole numbers between 0 and 7, and one rarely found or used half-size, 4-1/2. Often the designation is abbreviated as MT followed by a digit (for example, a Morse taper number 4 would be MT4).

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Jacobs Taper # | Large Diameter | Small Diameter | Length
0 | .250 | .228 | .438
1 | .384 | .333 | .656
2 short | .549 | .488 | .750
2 | .559 | .488 | .875
3 | .811 | .746 | 1.219
4 | 1.124 | 1.037 | 1.656
5 | 1.413 | 1.316 | 1.875
6 | .676 | .624 | 1.000
33 | .624 | .561 | 1.000

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Morse Taper # | Large Diameter | Small Diameter | Length
0 | .356 | .252 | 1.938
1 | .475 | .369 | 2.063
2 | .700 | .572 | 2.500
3 | .938 | .778 | 3.063
4 | 1.231 | 1.020 | 3.875
4-1/2 | 1.500 | 1.266 | 4.313
5 | 1.748 | 1.475 | 4.938
6 | 2.494 | 2.116 | 7.000
7 | 3.270 | 2.750 | 9.500

Check on Zoro.com for all your Morse tapers, Morse taper extensions, and Morse taper extension sockets.

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Learn how accurately using the correct Morse and Jacobs tapers can help machinists get the job done quickly and effectively.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

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How to Check Whether a Fluorescent Light Ballast Has Gone Bad

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When a ballast starts failing, it will typically buzz or causes the bulbs to flicker.

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Zoro's Editorial Staff

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Depending on the project at hand, you may need to buy new PVC pipes. PVC pipes vary in size and are broken down into three main categories: schedule 40, schedule 80, and schedule 120. To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit. It could save you and your team time and money from reordering materials or fixing future pipe issues.

PVC pipes are measured on a nominal system. This means all measurements are based on the types of structures versus specific measurements. For instance, 0.84 inches measured from one pipe's end to another is classified as a one-inch pipe. There are also different uses for each type of pipe schedule. Keep reading to understand each PVC pipe's size and uses for your next job.

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How to Measure Your Current PVC Pipe Size

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How to Measure Your Current PVC Pipe Size

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Your Measurement | Average Outer Diameter (OD)
Diameter | PVC Pipe Size Translation
0.84” | ½”
1.05” | ¾”
1.315” | 1”
1.66” | 1 ¼”
1.9” | 1 ½”
2.375” | 2”
3.5” | 3”
4” | 3 ½”
4.5” | 4”
5.563” | 5”
6.625” | 6”
8.625” | 8”
10.75” | 10”
*Works for Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 PVC pipes.

Pipe measurements are calculated on a nominal scale. This means their measurements reference structures at hand over true scale measurements. To help translate the correct size of pipes you need, we included a helpful guide above.

Here’s a step-by-step guide to using the chart:

Place your pipe on a hard surface and face one end towards you.

Grab a tape measure or ruler to measure your pipe’s right outer edge to its left outer edge. Keep your ruler as level as possible while measuring.

Now, pair “Your Measurement” with the “Average OD” referencing the chart above.

Pick out your pipes based on the Average OD your measurement paired with.

Keep in mind, these measurements refer to the outer edge of the pipe, not the inner. Depending on the schedule of pipe you need, your inner measurements may fluctuate.

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Nominal Pipe Size (Inches) | Outside Diameter (OD) | Min. Wall Thickness | Inside Diameter (ID) | Linear Weight Density (Wt. / Ft.)
1/8 | 0.405 | 0.068 | 0.249 | 0.051
1/4 | 0.540 | 0.086 | 0.344 | 0.086
3/8 | 0.675 | 0.091 | 0.473 | 0.115
1/2 | 0.840 | 0.109 | 0.602 | 0.170
3/4 | 1.050 | 0.113 | 0.804 | 0.226
1 | 1.315 | 0.133 | 1.029 | 0.333
1 1/4 | 1.660 | 0.140 | 1.360 | 0.450
1 1/2 | 1.900 | 0.145 | 1.590 | 0.537
2 | 2.375 | 0.154 | 2.047 | 0.720
2 1/2 | 2.875 | 0.203 | 2.445 | 1.136
3 | 3.500 | 0.216 | 3.042 | 1.488
3 1/2 | 4.000 | 0.226 | 3.521 | 1.789
4 | 4.500 | 0.237 | 3.998 | 2.118
5 | 5.563 | 0.258 | 5.016 | 2.874
6 | 6.625 | 0.280 | 6.031 | 3.733
8 | 8.625 | 0.322 | 7.942 | 5.619
10 | 10.750 | 0.365 | 9.976 | 7.966
12 | 12.750 | 0.406 | 11.889 | 10.534
14 | 14.000 | 0.437 | 13.073 | 12.462
16 | 16.000 | 0.500 | 14.940 | 16.286
18 | 18.000 | 0.562 | 16.809 | 20.587
20 | 20.000 | 0.593 | 18.743 | 24.183
24 | 24.000 | 0.687 | 22.544 | 33.652

Schedule 40 pipes are typically white or silver but can be found in other colors. These pipes are thinner than schedule 80s and 120s. This allows fluids to pass through faster than other pipe schedules. This style upholds great pressure, even for cold water systems. In hot temperatures, all three schedules are able to withstand up to 140 degrees.

Schedule 40 pipes are commonly used for drainage around buildings and for gas and water lines. The pressure rating for this pipe schedule is 120 to 810 pounds per second inch (PSI). As a result, schedule 40 pipes are commonly used for potable water systems, golf course construction, or pools and spas.

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Nominal Pipe Size (Inches) | Outside Diameter (OD) | Min. Wall Thickness | Inside Diameter (ID) | Linear Weight Density (Wt. / Ft.)
1/8 | 0.405 | 0.095 | 0.195 | 0.068
1/4 | 0.540 | 0.119 | 0.288 | 0.110
3/8 | 0.675 | 0.126 | 0.407 | 0.153
1/2 | 0.840 | 0.147 | 0.546 | 0.225
3/4 | 1.050 | 0.154 | 0.742 | 0.305
1 | 1.315 | 0.179 | 0.957 | 0.450
1 1/4 | 1.660 | 1.191 | 1.278 | 0.621
1 1/2 | 1.900 | 0.200 | 1.500 | 0.754
2 | 2.375 | 0.218 | 1.939 | 1.043
2 1/2 | 2.875 | 0.276 | 2.290 | 1.594
3 | 3.500 | 0.300 | 2.864 | 2.132
4 | 4.500 | 0.337 | 3.786 | 3.116
6 | 6.625 | 0.432 | 5.709 | 5.951
8 | 8.625 | 0.500 | 7.565 | 9.040
10 | 10.750 | 0.593 | 9.493 | 13.413
12 | 12.750 | 0.687 | 11.294 | 18.440
14 | 14.000 | 0.750 | 12.410 | 22.119
16 | 16.000 | 0.843 | 14.213 | 28.424
18 | 18.000 | 0.937 | 16.014 | 36.487
20 | 20.000 | 1.031 | 17.814 | 44.648
24 | 24.000 | 1.218 | 21.418 | 36.341

Schedule 80 pipes are thicker than schedule 40 pipes, but still not the thickest. These pipes are usually dark gray in color but may vary. Schedule 80 PVC pipes are built thicker and stronger than schedule 40s, and can handle higher pressures with a rating of 210 to 1230 PSI. They’re often used for chemical processing, industrial plating, deionized water lines, and wastewater treatment management.

Keep in mind, the thicker the pipe does not equal pipe security. Depending on the solutions you’d be transporting and the flow rate you’d like, mishaps can happen if you don’t choose the correct size and fit. For instance, if you use a heavy pipe for general solution purposes, your flow could be slower than needed.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Nominal Pipe Size (Inches) | Outside Diameter (OD) | Min. Wall Thickness | Inside Diameter (ID) | Linear Weight Density (Wt. / Ft.)
1/2 | 0.840 | 0.170 | 0.480 | 0.236
3/4 | 1.050 | 0.170 | 0.690 | 0.311
1 | 1.320 | 0.200 | 0.891 | 0.464
1 1/4 | 1.660 | 0.215 | 1.204 | 0.649
1 1/2 | 1.900 | 0.225 | 1.423 | 0.787
2 | 2.380 | 0.250 | 1.84 | 1.111
2 1/2 | 2.880 | 0.300 | 2.239 | 1.615
3 | 3.500 | 0.350 | 2.758 | 2.306
4 | 4.500 | 0.430 | 3.574 | 19.000
6 | 6.625 | 0.532 | 5.434 | 36.390
8 | 8.625 | 0.719 | 7.189 | 60.440
10 | 10.750 | 0.844 | - | 98.290
12 | 12.750 | 1.000 | - | 125.490
14 | 14.000 | 1.094 | - | 150.790
16 | 16.000 | 1.219 | - | 192.430
18 | 18.000 | 1.375 | - | 244.140
20 | 20.000 | 1.500 | - | 296.370
22 | 22.000 | 1.625 | - | 353.610
24 | 24.000 | 1.812 | - | 429.390

Schedule 120 pipes are one of the thickest pipes on the market. With their density, they’re routinely used for non-corrosive or general corrosive projects with less reactive ingredients. Automotive and construction establishments frequently use these materials for maximum durability. Schedule 120’s pipe thickness helps slow down mild to high-pressure systems with a rating of 380 to 1,010 PSI.

Depending on the construction site you’re working on, contact your state for building code regulations. To avoid miscommunication, ensure you find out pipe schedules needed to properly meet local requirements.

Once you have your pipe sizes figured out, you’ll be able to move onto the next step: ordering pipe values. To help control your pipe flow, figure out which size valves you may need. When you’re ready to install your pipes and valves, be sure to reference our guide. As your team needs more materials or installation information, be sure to reference Zoro’s site for expert tips, tricks, and product needs.

Sources: Hunker

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
In need of new PVC pipes? Before getting started on a new project, find the right PVC pipe sizes and valve fittings to complete a job well done.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Install or Remove PVC Pipe Fittings

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
There are two types of PVC pipe fittings: Schedule 40 is mostly utilized in residential settings, whereas Schedule 80 is designed for industrial projects.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
A Glossary of Various Pipe Threads, Their Acronyms, and the Uses and Standards That Define Them

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Both PVC and CPVC pipes are sturdy and less expensive than metal piping, but do you know the differences between the two? From operating temperature to their intended applications, get to know the key distinctions with our helpful infographic.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].title
What are the Dimensions and Angles of Morse Tapers and Jacobs Tapers?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Correct use of Morse and Jacobs tapers starts with understanding their dimensions. Ensure machine shop tools provide secure and safe toolholding with this helpful information.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A machine taper, frequently referred to as a “drill sleeve,” is a means for securing toolholders or cutting tools in the spindle of a power tool or machine tool. A conical-shaped male member with a taper fits into the female socket, which has a matching taper at an equal angle.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].summary
Learn the ins and outs of tons of products from multiple industries. Get your questions answered today.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].description
Learn the ins and outs of tons of products from multiple industries. Get your questions answered today.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Discover the essential information about PVC pipe sizes and dimensions in this guide. Learn more about pipes and find the right fit for your project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
With so many pipe sizes to choose from, reference our PVC pipe size guide to get the right supplies for your project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Depending on the project at hand, you may need to buy new PVC pipes. PVC pipes vary in size and are broken down into three main categories: schedule 40, schedule 80, and schedule 120. To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit. It could save you and your team time and money from reordering materials or fixing future pipe issues.

PVC pipes are measured on a nominal system. This means all measurements are based on the types of structures versus specific measurements. For instance, 0.84 inches measured from one pipe's end to another is classified as a one-inch pipe. There are also different uses for each type of pipe schedule. Keep reading to understand each PVC pipe's size and uses for your next job.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
How to Measure Your Current PVC Pipe Size

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
How to Measure Your Current PVC Pipe Size

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Your Measurement | Average Outer Diameter (OD)
Diameter | PVC Pipe Size Translation
0.84” | ½”
1.05” | ¾”
1.315” | 1”
1.66” | 1 ¼”
1.9” | 1 ½”
2.375” | 2”
3.5” | 3”
4” | 3 ½”
4.5” | 4”
5.563” | 5”
6.625” | 6”
8.625” | 8”
10.75” | 10”
*Works for Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 PVC pipes.

Pipe measurements are calculated on a nominal scale. This means their measurements reference structures at hand over true scale measurements. To help translate the correct size of pipes you need, we included a helpful guide above.

Here’s a step-by-step guide to using the chart:

Place your pipe on a hard surface and face one end towards you.

Grab a tape measure or ruler to measure your pipe’s right outer edge to its left outer edge. Keep your ruler as level as possible while measuring.

Now, pair “Your Measurement” with the “Average OD” referencing the chart above.

Pick out your pipes based on the Average OD your measurement paired with.

Keep in mind, these measurements refer to the outer edge of the pipe, not the inner. Depending on the schedule of pipe you need, your inner measurements may fluctuate.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Nominal Pipe Size (Inches) | Outside Diameter (OD) | Min. Wall Thickness | Inside Diameter (ID) | Linear Weight Density (Wt. / Ft.)
1/8 | 0.405 | 0.068 | 0.249 | 0.051
1/4 | 0.540 | 0.086 | 0.344 | 0.086
3/8 | 0.675 | 0.091 | 0.473 | 0.115
1/2 | 0.840 | 0.109 | 0.602 | 0.170
3/4 | 1.050 | 0.113 | 0.804 | 0.226
1 | 1.315 | 0.133 | 1.029 | 0.333
1 1/4 | 1.660 | 0.140 | 1.360 | 0.450
1 1/2 | 1.900 | 0.145 | 1.590 | 0.537
2 | 2.375 | 0.154 | 2.047 | 0.720
2 1/2 | 2.875 | 0.203 | 2.445 | 1.136
3 | 3.500 | 0.216 | 3.042 | 1.488
3 1/2 | 4.000 | 0.226 | 3.521 | 1.789
4 | 4.500 | 0.237 | 3.998 | 2.118
5 | 5.563 | 0.258 | 5.016 | 2.874
6 | 6.625 | 0.280 | 6.031 | 3.733
8 | 8.625 | 0.322 | 7.942 | 5.619
10 | 10.750 | 0.365 | 9.976 | 7.966
12 | 12.750 | 0.406 | 11.889 | 10.534
14 | 14.000 | 0.437 | 13.073 | 12.462
16 | 16.000 | 0.500 | 14.940 | 16.286
18 | 18.000 | 0.562 | 16.809 | 20.587
20 | 20.000 | 0.593 | 18.743 | 24.183
24 | 24.000 | 0.687 | 22.544 | 33.652

Schedule 40 pipes are typically white or silver but can be found in other colors. These pipes are thinner than schedule 80s and 120s. This allows fluids to pass through faster than other pipe schedules. This style upholds great pressure, even for cold water systems. In hot temperatures, all three schedules are able to withstand up to 140 degrees.

Schedule 40 pipes are commonly used for drainage around buildings and for gas and water lines. The pressure rating for this pipe schedule is 120 to 810 pounds per second inch (PSI). As a result, schedule 40 pipes are commonly used for potable water systems, golf course construction, or pools and spas.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Nominal Pipe Size (Inches) | Outside Diameter (OD) | Min. Wall Thickness | Inside Diameter (ID) | Linear Weight Density (Wt. / Ft.)
1/8 | 0.405 | 0.095 | 0.195 | 0.068
1/4 | 0.540 | 0.119 | 0.288 | 0.110
3/8 | 0.675 | 0.126 | 0.407 | 0.153
1/2 | 0.840 | 0.147 | 0.546 | 0.225
3/4 | 1.050 | 0.154 | 0.742 | 0.305
1 | 1.315 | 0.179 | 0.957 | 0.450
1 1/4 | 1.660 | 1.191 | 1.278 | 0.621
1 1/2 | 1.900 | 0.200 | 1.500 | 0.754
2 | 2.375 | 0.218 | 1.939 | 1.043
2 1/2 | 2.875 | 0.276 | 2.290 | 1.594
3 | 3.500 | 0.300 | 2.864 | 2.132
4 | 4.500 | 0.337 | 3.786 | 3.116
6 | 6.625 | 0.432 | 5.709 | 5.951
8 | 8.625 | 0.500 | 7.565 | 9.040
10 | 10.750 | 0.593 | 9.493 | 13.413
12 | 12.750 | 0.687 | 11.294 | 18.440
14 | 14.000 | 0.750 | 12.410 | 22.119
16 | 16.000 | 0.843 | 14.213 | 28.424
18 | 18.000 | 0.937 | 16.014 | 36.487
20 | 20.000 | 1.031 | 17.814 | 44.648
24 | 24.000 | 1.218 | 21.418 | 36.341

Schedule 80 pipes are thicker than schedule 40 pipes, but still not the thickest. These pipes are usually dark gray in color but may vary. Schedule 80 PVC pipes are built thicker and stronger than schedule 40s, and can handle higher pressures with a rating of 210 to 1230 PSI. They’re often used for chemical processing, industrial plating, deionized water lines, and wastewater treatment management.

Keep in mind, the thicker the pipe does not equal pipe security. Depending on the solutions you’d be transporting and the flow rate you’d like, mishaps can happen if you don’t choose the correct size and fit. For instance, if you use a heavy pipe for general solution purposes, your flow could be slower than needed.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Nominal Pipe Size (Inches) | Outside Diameter (OD) | Min. Wall Thickness | Inside Diameter (ID) | Linear Weight Density (Wt. / Ft.)
1/2 | 0.840 | 0.170 | 0.480 | 0.236
3/4 | 1.050 | 0.170 | 0.690 | 0.311
1 | 1.320 | 0.200 | 0.891 | 0.464
1 1/4 | 1.660 | 0.215 | 1.204 | 0.649
1 1/2 | 1.900 | 0.225 | 1.423 | 0.787
2 | 2.380 | 0.250 | 1.84 | 1.111
2 1/2 | 2.880 | 0.300 | 2.239 | 1.615
3 | 3.500 | 0.350 | 2.758 | 2.306
4 | 4.500 | 0.430 | 3.574 | 19.000
6 | 6.625 | 0.532 | 5.434 | 36.390
8 | 8.625 | 0.719 | 7.189 | 60.440
10 | 10.750 | 0.844 | - | 98.290
12 | 12.750 | 1.000 | - | 125.490
14 | 14.000 | 1.094 | - | 150.790
16 | 16.000 | 1.219 | - | 192.430
18 | 18.000 | 1.375 | - | 244.140
20 | 20.000 | 1.500 | - | 296.370
22 | 22.000 | 1.625 | - | 353.610
24 | 24.000 | 1.812 | - | 429.390

Schedule 120 pipes are one of the thickest pipes on the market. With their density, they’re routinely used for non-corrosive or general corrosive projects with less reactive ingredients. Automotive and construction establishments frequently use these materials for maximum durability. Schedule 120’s pipe thickness helps slow down mild to high-pressure systems with a rating of 380 to 1,010 PSI.

Depending on the construction site you’re working on, contact your state for building code regulations. To avoid miscommunication, ensure you find out pipe schedules needed to properly meet local requirements.

Once you have your pipe sizes figured out, you’ll be able to move onto the next step: ordering pipe values. To help control your pipe flow, figure out which size valves you may need. When you’re ready to install your pipes and valves, be sure to reference our guide. As your team needs more materials or installation information, be sure to reference Zoro’s site for expert tips, tricks, and product needs.

Sources: Hunker

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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In need of new PVC pipes? Before getting started on a new project, find the right PVC pipe sizes and valve fittings to complete a job well done.

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How to Install or Remove PVC Pipe Fittings

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There are two types of PVC pipe fittings: Schedule 40 is mostly utilized in residential settings, whereas Schedule 80 is designed for industrial projects.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
A Glossary of Various Pipe Threads, Their Acronyms, and the Uses and Standards That Define Them

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Both PVC and CPVC pipes are sturdy and less expensive than metal piping, but do you know the differences between the two? From operating temperature to their intended applications, get to know the key distinctions with our helpful infographic.

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What are the Dimensions and Angles of Morse Tapers and Jacobs Tapers?

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Correct use of Morse and Jacobs tapers starts with understanding their dimensions. Ensure machine shop tools provide secure and safe toolholding with this helpful information.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A machine taper, frequently referred to as a “drill sleeve,” is a means for securing toolholders or cutting tools in the spindle of a power tool or machine tool. A conical-shaped male member with a taper fits into the female socket, which has a matching taper at an equal angle.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A machine taper, frequently referred to as a “drill sleeve,” is a means for securing toolholders or cutting tools in the spindle of a power tool or machine tool. A conical-shaped male member with a taper fits into the female socket, which has a matching taper at an equal angle. They hold based on the friction action of the mating surfaces and the wedging action of the taper. Many power tool spindles, along with most machine tool spindles, use tapers as a way to attach tools. This guide will look at two of the most common types of tapers—Jacobs and Morse—some tools they work on, and different sizes and angles available.

Often, machine tool operators need to remove or install tool bits easily and quickly. Whether it's a drill press, handheld drill, or lathe, which have chucks (such as a drill chuck or collet chuck), the chuck is attached by a taper. A machine tool taper is a simple, versatile, highly repeatable, and low cost tool-mounting system. The taper provides indexability, as tools can be quickly changed, while also being precisely located both axially and concentrically by the taper.

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Application Use of Morse and Jacobs Tapers

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Application Use of Morse and Jacobs Tapers

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Morse and Jacobs tapers are examples of self-holding tapers. This means the male and female wedge together and bind to each other to the extent that the forces of drilling can be resisted without a drawbar. A drawbar, or spindle drawbar, is a clamping mechanism for tool holders on machine tools. The toolholder or machine taper itself is held by the drawbar and applies force to the spindle, especially when spinning at low speeds. When at idle, the tool will still stay in the spindle due to the drawbar. If a tool change is needed, it is driven out with a wedge.

Machinists are taught to take great care when handling Morse and Jacobs tapers as they are sensitive to nicks, dents, chips and dirt. When aligning the male conical taper with the female socket, if there are any imperfections or dirt, the pieces won't locate accurately nor hold reliably, leading to potential wobble and chatter of the workpiece. Taper shanks can easily be wiped clean. However, sockets, being deep and inaccessible, are best cleaned with a specialized taper cleaning tool which is inserted, twisted, and then removed.

The Jacobs taper, regularly abbreviated as JT, is most often used to secure drill press chucks to an arbor. The taper angles aren't consistent, varying from 1.41° per side for #0 (and the obscure #​2-1/2) to 2.33° per side for #2 (and #2 short). There are also several sizes between #2 and #3: #2 short, #6 and #33.

The Morse taper was named for and developed by Stephen A. Morse in the mid-1860s. Today, it's still one of the most widely used tapers, and is common on the shank of taper-shank twist drills and machine reamers, in the spindles of industrial drill presses, and in the tailstocks of lathes. The taper angle of the Morse taper varies somewhat with size but is typically 1.49°. They come in eight sizes identified by whole numbers between 0 and 7, and one rarely found or used half-size, 4-1/2. Often the designation is abbreviated as MT followed by a digit (for example, a Morse taper number 4 would be MT4).

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Jacobs Taper # | Large Diameter | Small Diameter | Length
0 | .250 | .228 | .438
1 | .384 | .333 | .656
2 short | .549 | .488 | .750
2 | .559 | .488 | .875
3 | .811 | .746 | 1.219
4 | 1.124 | 1.037 | 1.656
5 | 1.413 | 1.316 | 1.875
6 | .676 | .624 | 1.000
33 | .624 | .561 | 1.000

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Morse Taper # | Large Diameter | Small Diameter | Length
0 | .356 | .252 | 1.938
1 | .475 | .369 | 2.063
2 | .700 | .572 | 2.500
3 | .938 | .778 | 3.063
4 | 1.231 | 1.020 | 3.875
4-1/2 | 1.500 | 1.266 | 4.313
5 | 1.748 | 1.475 | 4.938
6 | 2.494 | 2.116 | 7.000
7 | 3.270 | 2.750 | 9.500

Check on Zoro.com for all your Morse tapers, Morse taper extensions, and Morse taper extension sockets.

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Learn how accurately using the correct Morse and Jacobs tapers can help machinists get the job done quickly and effectively.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

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How to Check Whether a Fluorescent Light Ballast Has Gone Bad

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
When a ballast starts failing, it will typically buzz or causes the bulbs to flicker.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A machine taper, frequently referred to as a “drill sleeve,” is a means for securing toolholders or cutting tools in the spindle of a power tool or machine tool. A conical-shaped male member with a taper fits into the female socket, which has a matching taper at an equal angle. They hold based on the friction action of the mating surfaces and the wedging action of the taper. Many power tool spindles, along with most machine tool spindles, use tapers as a way to attach tools. This guide will look at two of the most common types of tapers—Jacobs and Morse—some tools they work on, and different sizes and angles available.

Often, machine tool operators need to remove or install tool bits easily and quickly. Whether it's a drill press, handheld drill, or lathe, which have chucks (such as a drill chuck or collet chuck), the chuck is attached by a taper. A machine tool taper is a simple, versatile, highly repeatable, and low cost tool-mounting system. The taper provides indexability, as tools can be quickly changed, while also being precisely located both axially and concentrically by the taper.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Application Use of Morse and Jacobs Tapers

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Application Use of Morse and Jacobs Tapers

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Morse and Jacobs tapers are examples of self-holding tapers. This means the male and female wedge together and bind to each other to the extent that the forces of drilling can be resisted without a drawbar. A drawbar, or spindle drawbar, is a clamping mechanism for tool holders on machine tools. The toolholder or machine taper itself is held by the drawbar and applies force to the spindle, especially when spinning at low speeds. When at idle, the tool will still stay in the spindle due to the drawbar. If a tool change is needed, it is driven out with a wedge.

Machinists are taught to take great care when handling Morse and Jacobs tapers as they are sensitive to nicks, dents, chips and dirt. When aligning the male conical taper with the female socket, if there are any imperfections or dirt, the pieces won't locate accurately nor hold reliably, leading to potential wobble and chatter of the workpiece. Taper shanks can easily be wiped clean. However, sockets, being deep and inaccessible, are best cleaned with a specialized taper cleaning tool which is inserted, twisted, and then removed.

The Jacobs taper, regularly abbreviated as JT, is most often used to secure drill press chucks to an arbor. The taper angles aren't consistent, varying from 1.41° per side for #0 (and the obscure #​2-1/2) to 2.33° per side for #2 (and #2 short). There are also several sizes between #2 and #3: #2 short, #6 and #33.

The Morse taper was named for and developed by Stephen A. Morse in the mid-1860s. Today, it's still one of the most widely used tapers, and is common on the shank of taper-shank twist drills and machine reamers, in the spindles of industrial drill presses, and in the tailstocks of lathes. The taper angle of the Morse taper varies somewhat with size but is typically 1.49°. They come in eight sizes identified by whole numbers between 0 and 7, and one rarely found or used half-size, 4-1/2. Often the designation is abbreviated as MT followed by a digit (for example, a Morse taper number 4 would be MT4).

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Jacobs Taper # | Large Diameter | Small Diameter | Length
0 | .250 | .228 | .438
1 | .384 | .333 | .656
2 short | .549 | .488 | .750
2 | .559 | .488 | .875
3 | .811 | .746 | 1.219
4 | 1.124 | 1.037 | 1.656
5 | 1.413 | 1.316 | 1.875
6 | .676 | .624 | 1.000
33 | .624 | .561 | 1.000

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Morse Taper # | Large Diameter | Small Diameter | Length
0 | .356 | .252 | 1.938
1 | .475 | .369 | 2.063
2 | .700 | .572 | 2.500
3 | .938 | .778 | 3.063
4 | 1.231 | 1.020 | 3.875
4-1/2 | 1.500 | 1.266 | 4.313
5 | 1.748 | 1.475 | 4.938
6 | 2.494 | 2.116 | 7.000
7 | 3.270 | 2.750 | 9.500

Check on Zoro.com for all your Morse tapers, Morse taper extensions, and Morse taper extension sockets.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Learn how accurately using the correct Morse and Jacobs tapers can help machinists get the job done quickly and effectively.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

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How to Check Whether a Fluorescent Light Ballast Has Gone Bad

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
When a ballast starts failing, it will typically buzz or causes the bulbs to flicker.

# _embedded.documents[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

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Safety nets come in a variety of shapes and sizes, depending on the application they are intended for. Standard safety nets include horizontally spanned safety nets, guard rail nets, vertically tensioned nets, cover nets, animal protection nets, and leaf netting. It’s important to select the right type of safety net for the application and install it correctly to ensure maximum protection against falls from heights and other potential hazards, such as falling objects or debris entering enclosed spaces below.

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Safety netting is an absolute must-have in any situation with a risk of falling or other serious injuries. It's not just an optional extra - it's a crucial element that provides protection and can help prevent accidents and keep people safe. Whether you're working on a construction site or any other high-risk environment, it's imperative to ensure that proper safety netting is in place. Always remember that safety should be your top priority, and taking the necessary precautions can make all the difference in preventing accidents and saving lives.

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Industrial Safety Netting

Serves a variety of purposes in different industries

Debris Safety Netting

Used in construction sites to protect workers, equipment, and structures from falling debris

Lifting Cargo Nets

Used for load transportation to ensure safety and security

Machine-guarding Safety Nets

Protect equipment from debris and dust, ensuring longevity and efficiency

Knotless Netting

Used to secure items during transport, providing stability and security

Dielectric Safety Netting

Protects against electrical hazards in power stations, mining, and tunneling construction

Rockfall Safety Nets

Prevent accidents and injuries caused by falling rocks in construction sites

Ice Fall Safety Nets

Provide additional protection on winter worksites

Pallet racket netting

Used in warehouses and logistics centers to secure goods on pallets during storage or shipping.

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Understanding the Uses of Safety Nets Across Different Industries

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].title
Understanding the Uses of Safety Nets Across Different Industries

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Safety nets are an essential tool for providing protection against falls from heights and other hazards in a variety of industries. From hospitals to construction sites, housing developments to recreation areas and landing docks, safety netting can be used to ensure maximum safety for workers and visitors alike.

Hospitals

In hospitals, safety netting can be used around beds and medical equipment to prevent patients from accidentally rolling off beds onto hard surfaces below them. This is an important measure for ensuring the safety of patients and avoiding potential injury or death.

Construction Sites

At construction sites, safety netting can be used around scaffolding structures as well as open pits where workers may need access but could potentially fall into if not properly protected. Guard rail nets should be installed around scaffolding structures and open pits to ensure maximum safety for workers onsite.

Housing Developments

In housing developments, safety netting can be used around balconies, roofs, and windowsills where people may need access but could fall off if not adequately protected. Installing safety nets in these areas is essential for preventing falls from heights which could result in severe injury or death.

Recreation Areas and Trampolines

Safety netting can protect visitors from potential falls or accidents in recreational areas such as playgrounds or swimming pools. Covernets should be installed over trampolines, guardrail nets should be installed around playgrounds, and leaf netting should be placed over swimming pools to ensure maximum protection against falls or accidents in these areas.

Landing Docks

At landing docks, vertically tensioned nets should be installed along walls surrounding dockside areas where people may need access but could fall into the water if not properly protected with proper safety measures. This is an essential measure for ensuring the safety of those accessing the area while avoiding potential injury or death due to falls into the water below them.

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Properly Installing Safety Nets According to OSHA Regulations

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].title
Properly Installing Safety Nets According to OSHA Regulations

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When installing safety nets, it is important to follow OSHA regulations to ensure proper installation and maximum protection against falls from heights and other hazards. Make sure to select the right type of safety net for the application, determine the required height for maximum protection, and install the safety net according to OSHA standards.

Here are a couple of Osha regulations to keep in mind:

Identify the area where you need to install safety nets and determine the appropriate type of netting.

Ensure the netting meets OSHA requirements for strength, height, and installation methods.

Install the safety netting according to OSHA regulations, which require that it be attached securely to a structure at least 6 feet above any adjacent lower level and have a minimum breaking strength of 2,500 pounds per square foot or 1,800 pounds per linear foot.

Inspect the safety nets regularly to ensure they are in good condition and properly installed.

Train employees on safely using and inspect safety nets before allowing them to work near them.

Document all inspections and maintenance activities related to the safety nets to comply with OSHA record-keeping requirements.

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions. Portions of this article were generated in part by ChatGPT, and edited by a member of the Zoro team.

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Discover why safety nets are an essential part of any industry. Learn about their crucial role in ensuring worker safety, reducing risks, and contributing to overall business success.Discover the benefits of safety netting and protect your employees and equipment from falls and other hazards. Our comprehensive guide will help you choose the right netting for your specific needs.

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Putting Together a Company Safety Manual

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Streamline workplace safety with a comprehensive manual: Tips and strategies for crafting an effective Safety Manual.

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To establish a thriving business and create great work, employees’ health and well-being are the most important factors.

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Learn how to replace damaged tiles in your business's ceiling.

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Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

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Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

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Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].summary
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].description
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

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Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

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Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

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The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

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(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

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Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

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One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

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Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

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How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

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The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

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If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

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Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].summary
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].description
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

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These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

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Zoro's Editorial Staff

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For a small business owner or operator, a damaged ceiling tile can seem like a disaster—but it doesn't have to be. Whether your ceiling has experienced stains or water damage from leaks or has suffered a puncture or a hole from nearby objects, you'll want to repair or replace the damaged tiles quickly to ensure the tidiness and functionality of your space. Fortunately, this is a relatively straightforward and simple process that can be accomplished by both DIYers and professionals alike. In this guide, we'll explore the steps, materials, and tools needed when replacing a damaged ceiling tile.

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Assessing the damage should be your first step as you prepare to replace a ceiling tile. You'll need to determine how many tiles have been damaged, what caused the damage, and whether it may continue to cause issues even after replacing the affected tiles. Look for signs like sagging or drooping tiles, as well as stains and discoloration that could indicate water damage. You should also inspect tiles for cracks and signs of mold growth, as well as instability in a suspended ceiling.

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Gather all the necessary materials and tools for the tile replacement. This may include:

Dust masks

Gloves

A ladder

Replacement ceiling tiles

Utility knife

Safety goggles

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3. Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

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3. Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

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Don't forget to wear appropriate PPE when dealing with ceiling tiles, especially if you know that hazards may be present. Any team members working on your ceiling should also wear PPE. This includes safety glasses or goggles, dust masks, and gloves to protect workers from dust and debris.

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4. Replace Ceiling Tiles: Interlocking vs. Suspended

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4. Replace Ceiling Tiles: Interlocking vs. Suspended

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How to Replace Interlocking Ceiling Tiles

If you are working with interlocking ceiling tiles, start by using a utility knife to make an "X" (two intersecting lines) in the tile and remove it from the middle. Lift gently, using proper PPE, and dispose of all old tiles. Remove any staples or nails as well as remaining adhesive. If aligned properly, the new tile will lock into place once the old tile has been completely removed.

How to Replace Suspended Ceiling Tiles

The replacement process will be slightly different when working with suspended ceiling tiles (which are also referred to as "drop ceilings" in many cases). To remove the damaged tiles, first determine whether the existing tiles are held in place with adhesive or other materials. If they are, you may need to use a wallpaper steamer and/or scraper to remove the adhesive from the area. Also, note that any ceiling tiles and adhesives installed before 1980 should be properly tested for asbestos before moving or removing the tiles.

Next, gently push each tile upward and tilt it through the suspension system to remove it completely. Finally, install the replacement tiles by following this process in reverse, lifting the new tiles above the open space and tilting to align them with the channels of the ceiling grid.

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5. Clean Up Your Workspace and Inspect the Adjacent Tiles

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5. Clean Up Your Workspace and Inspect the Adjacent Tiles

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Dispose of any broken or damaged tiles immediately after removing them. Don't forget to thoroughly clean your workspace and tools, especially if hazardous materials are present. By properly preparing the space for tile removal and replacement ahead of time, you can prevent issues from arising later in the process. Clean up any remaining dust or debris and inspect the surrounding tiles to ensure they are still in good condition.

* * *

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Replacing a ceiling tile in a suspended (drop) ceiling or interlocking system doesn't have to be a headache for your small business. Rather than letting a damaged tile affect the professional appearance of your space (or even lead to further damage), you can take care of the issue now with these simple steps.

Shopping for replacement ceiling tiles, dust masks, safety goggles, and other tools for your repair projects? Find everything you need to get the job done at Zoro.com!

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Don't let damaged ceiling tiles affect the appearance and safety of your business. Replace damaged tiles quickly and easily with help from our latest guide.

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Wash, paint, and refresh the drop ceiling in your space.

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Image of a man wearing a white t-shirt and cap, tan overalls, and white gloves while using an extended mop duster with a triangular head to clean white ceiling tiles.

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Your go-to place for industry news, helpful guides, compliance updates, and more.

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Wash, paint, and refresh the drop ceiling in your space.

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Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

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Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

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Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

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Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

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Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

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Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

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Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

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Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

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Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

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The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

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(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

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Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

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The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

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Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

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A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

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What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

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What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

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To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

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Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].summary
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].description
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

# _embedded.documents[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].body.content
As a small business owner, you know the appearance and cleanliness of your space is a critical component of your business and your brand. Whether you have customers, visitors, and clients in your space or just your own team members, the state of your space reflects your attention to detail and routine maintenance. For that reason, dirty or damaged ceiling tiles in your drop ceiling are a problem that's worthy of your attention. In this article, we'll take a look at how you can clean these tiles and know when it's necessary to consider repainting or even replacing them.

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The first step in your cleaning process is to gather all of the tools you'll need to tackle the job. When cleaning tiles in a drop ceiling, you'll most likely need the following:

Broom

Bucket

Dust mask

Duster

Gloves

Ladder

Rags or towels

Safety goggles

Sponge

Vacuum cleaner

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].body.content
If the tiles are looking a little dingy and could stand to be cleaned, the good news is that most drop ceiling tiles are easy to care for. If the damage isn't too serious and is only on the surface, cleaning is often as simple as a light dusting and a wipe-down with a mild cleaning solution.

Here's an easy, step-by-step process you can follow for basic cleaning:

To begin, lay drop cloths on the floor beneath the tiles to be cleaned and cover any furniture that you want to be protected from falling debris or drips. It's a good idea to wear safety glasses and a dust mask during cleaning, too.

Start by vacuuming the ceiling with a soft brush attachment to remove any loose dust, dirt, and debris, or dust the ceiling with a static or feather duster.

Next, dampen a sponge or lint-free cloth with warm water and, after wringing it out well, wipe the tiles gently to remove the light dust or dirt that's built up. For stubborn, heavier dirt or stains, mix 1 tablespoon of mild liquid dish soap into a gallon of warm water and use that—but don't rub too hard or you could damage the tiles.

Once you're done using the soap and water solution, rinse the tiles with a clean, water-dampened cloth.

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].body.content
If the tiles are in decent enough shape that you believe a little paint will have them looking good again, you can liven up the room with paint in any color that works for you. This can be especially helpful for covering up stubborn stains in ceiling tiles that you aren't able to clean away.

Follow these steps to quickly refresh the tiles with a coat of paint:

Lay drop cloths on the floor beneath the tiles to be painted and cover any furniture that you want to be protected from paint drips.

Once the tiles have been cleaned and dried, start by applying a coat of primer with a foam roller, followed by the paint color of your choice. (This should be enough to cover a typical light to medium tile stain.)

When applying the paint, be sure to use the foam roller to keep from exerting too much pressure on the tile. Drop ceiling tiles can be easily gouged, nicked, or dented if you're not careful.

While you're painting the tiles, don't forget to paint the gridwork around them, too.

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].body.content
* * *

If your tiles have been physically damaged or taken on water, it's possible you may need to consider replacing them. However, in many cases, you can quickly spruce up the appearance of your space with a quick clean and, if there are stains in the tile, a coat of primer and paint. Use this guide to keep your drop ceiling in tip-top shape, enhancing the professional look and reputation of your small business in the process.

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
From dirt and grime to stubborn stains, learn how to clean and repaint your drop ceiling tiles for a more professional look in your small business's space.

# _embedded.documents[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Learn how to replace damaged tiles in your business's ceiling.

# _embedded.documents[].RelatedLinks[].compoundImage.string
Image of a bearded man in a brown uniform shirt using 2 hands to lift up a white ceiling tile from a drop ceiling grid.

# _embedded.documents[]._meta.name
5 Workplace Noise Hazards and How to Protect Against Them

# _embedded.documents[].title
5 Workplace Noise Hazards and How to Protect Against Them

# _embedded.documents[].subtitle
Protect your hearing in the workplace: identifying and preventing 5 common noise hazards for a safe and healthy environment.

# _embedded.documents[].summary
Noise-induced hearing loss is one of the most common workplace injuries. To protect your employees from related occupational accidents, it's important to take preventative action by identifying noise hazards in the workplace.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].summary
Stay ahead of the competition with the latest trends in top industries.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].description
Stay ahead of the competition with the latest trends in top industries.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].title
How to Save Money by Picking the Right Trash Bag for Your Business

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn which size of trash bag best suits your business in our guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].summary
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].description
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

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Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

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Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

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Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

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It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

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These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

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Zoro's Editorial Staff

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Table of Contents

13-Gallon Trash Bags

18-Gallon Trash Bags

20-Gallon Trash Bags

33-Gallon Trash Bags

45-Gallon Trash Bags

56-Gallon Trash Bags

60-Gallon Trash Bags

Why Not Just Buy a 30-Gallon Trash Bag for a 30-Gallon Trash Can?

Math Formula to Find the Correct Trash Bag Size

How Do You Determine the Strength of a Trash Bag?

Star-Seal Trash Bags

Flat-Seal Trash Bags

Gusset-Seal Trash Bags

How Much Weight Can Trash Bags Hold?

Conclusion: Don’t Just Go for the Cheapest Trash Bag

Purchasing trash bags for your office or facility’s trash cans or recycling bins can be puzzling, with so many questions like, “What size trash bag do I need?” Or “Is this going to be too big? Too small?”

While deciding on trash bag sizes may seem trivial, there’s more to it than you think. Too small, and you’re tying the tiniest knot to close it. Too big, and you’re wasting plastic—and money. And both situations could result in problems with fit, leaks, and even tearing.

Different trash bag sizes serve different purposes and needs, whether they’re at the front of your office or the back of your facility. No worries, though! We’re breaking down the various sizes and their purposes below.

13-Gallon Trash Bags

When it comes to front office or breakroom use, 12- to 16-gallon trash cans are the most common. The standard trash bag size of 13 gallons is ideal for these needs, as they fit snugly and hold the right amount of trash for your sanitation schedule.

18-Gallon Trash Bags

Higher-traffic areas—such as breakrooms or conference areas—accumulate more trash. With larger groups of people, it’s recommended that you use 18-gallon trash bags for your garbage can or recycling bin. That way, they can accommodate more garbage while providing space for you to properly tie off the trash bag before throwing it away.

20-Gallon Trash Bags

For jobs like smaller construction sites, a 20-gallon trash bag capacity is ideal. These are great for collecting scraps and yard debris or even for recycling large amounts of paper at the office. There's also enough room to leave ample space to seal and discard the bags.

33-Gallon Trash Bags

33-gallon trash bags come in handy for business and commercial buildings or heftier jobsites. These trash bags are made to hold bulkier pieces of debris or yard litter in a larger volume bag compared to the 20-gallon. You can also load smaller trash bags into this larger bag for an easier time taking your office trash bags to the dumpster. Their in-between size also ensures they’re not too heavy to carry.

45-Gallon Trash Bags

Durability becomes a more critical factor for demo and renovation projects. On these types of jobs where you have to pick up more cumbersome pieces such as drywall, or sharper objects like nails or screws, 45-gallon trash bags offer a thicker, more puncture-resistant option. Their larger size also means you can fit much more inside them on the jobsite.

56-Gallon Trash Bags

When the 45-gallon trash bags don’t do the trick, why not go with the 56-gallon bags? These trash bags are huge and come in handy for organization and protective purposes. They’re strong, tough, puncture-resistant, and work great for storing items in your facility, shed, garage, or warehouse.

60-Gallon Trash Bags

In places like recreation centers or commercial warehouses, where a larger amount of people gather, 60-gallon trash bags are a great solution. They’re perfect for getting rid of mass amounts of items and are worry-free because of their strength and stability. 60-gallon trash bags are one of the largest you can purchase and carry almost anything you need to discard.

Why Not Just Buy a 30-Gallon Trash Bag for a 30-Gallon Trash Can?

The size of the trash can or recycling bin does not always directly correlate to the size of the trash bag required. Some overhang—about 4 to 6 inches—is necessary so that you can easily tie off and change the trash bag. Any overhang beyond 4 to 6 inches means that you can use a smaller size trash bag. That way, you’re not wasting excess plastic or having to spend more on larger size bags, helping both the environment and your wallet.

Math Formula to Find the Correct Trash Bag Size

If numbers are your thing, check this out.

When looking at trash bag measurements (example: 38" x 58"), the first number is the width of the trash bag when it is laid flat (this would also be half of the circumference). The second number is the length of the trash bag from top to bottom.

Square Container Circumference
Circumference = Add the lengths of all four sides added together
Example: 10"+22"+22"+10" = 64" circumference

Round Container Circumference
Circumference = Diameter multiplied by 3.14
Example: 12" diameter x 3.14 = 37.68" circumference

Bag Length (round and square containers)
Add the height of the container plus 4-6 inches for overhang

A 38" x 58" trash bag will have a 76" (38" x 2) circumference. These formulas will help determine the circumference of your trash container to see what size trash bag will work best.

How Do You Determine the Strength of a Trash Bag?

Trash bag strength is determined by three things: the type of plastic, the trash bag’s thickness, and the type of seal used. There are three types of seals, listed below.

Note: the seal refers to the method used to seal the bottom of a trash bag, not how to tie a trash bag.

Star-Seal Trash Bags

Star seals are made by folding the bottom of the trash bag over itself several times. This type of seal is most commonly used by trash bag manufacturers as it helps eliminate leaks, prevents trash from piling up in one specific area, and allows the trash bag to be used in any garbage can or recycling bin, no matter the shape.

Flat-Seal Trash Bags

Flat seals are created by sealing the bottom edges of the trash bag together, ensuring no length of the trash bag goes unused. This type of seal is leak proof. However, they’re not as useful in different shaped garbage cans.

Gusset-Seal Trash Bags

Gusset seals are formed by taking the bottom edges and tucking them in to form a gusset. The outer edges become reinforced with four layers while the middle of the trash bag has only two. This seal has some discrepancy in strength, so these trash bags tend to leak.

How Much Weight Can Trash Bags Hold?

Use the trash bag size chart below to help determine which size trash bag you need based on how much weight the trash bag needs to hold.

Size | Thickness | Gallon Capacity | Load (Dry Weight)

20" x 21"

24" x 23"

24" x 32"

30" x 36"

30" x 36"

33" x 39"

33" x 39"

36" x 58"

38" x 58"

38" x 58"

40" x 46"

40" x 46"

43" x 47"

0.35

0.35

0.35

0.5

0.7

0.5

0.65

0.7

0.7

0.55

0.5

0.7

0.7

7

8-10

12-16

20-30

20-30

33

33

55

60

60

40-45

40-45

56

7 lbs.

10 lbs

10 lbs.

20 lbs.

30 lbs.

20 lbs.

40 lbs.

40 lbs.

30 lbs.

40 lbs.

30 lbs.

30 lbs.

40 lbs.

Source: blog.interplas.com

Conclusion: Don’t Just Go for the Cheapest Trash Bag

From small trash bag sizes to ginormous ones, there is a trash bag that meets the demands of your business, office, or facility. Prices of trash bags vary, dependent upon size and thickness, so remember, using the wrong trash bag size could lead to you spending more money by paying for more bags or because you’re paying for excess plastic you don’t need. Use this guide to inform your decision-making for your next trash bag purchase!

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Trash bags come in many sizes and price tags. Find the trash bag with the right capacity, thickness, and price that will best fit your business’s needs and budget.

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PEX Tubing: Why You Should Be Using This Popular Alternative to Traditional Plumbing Solutions

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PEX tubing is more popular than ever. Find out what's driving the trend toward this innovative solution.

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Stay ahead of the competition with the latest trends in top industries.

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Stay ahead of the competition with the latest trends in top industries.

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How to Save Money by Picking the Right Trash Bag for Your Business

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Learn which size of trash bag best suits your business in our guide.

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Table of Contents

13-Gallon Trash Bags

18-Gallon Trash Bags

20-Gallon Trash Bags

33-Gallon Trash Bags

45-Gallon Trash Bags

56-Gallon Trash Bags

60-Gallon Trash Bags

Why Not Just Buy a 30-Gallon Trash Bag for a 30-Gallon Trash Can?

Math Formula to Find the Correct Trash Bag Size

How Do You Determine the Strength of a Trash Bag?

Star-Seal Trash Bags

Flat-Seal Trash Bags

Gusset-Seal Trash Bags

How Much Weight Can Trash Bags Hold?

Conclusion: Don’t Just Go for the Cheapest Trash Bag

Purchasing trash bags for your office or facility’s trash cans or recycling bins can be puzzling, with so many questions like, “What size trash bag do I need?” Or “Is this going to be too big? Too small?”

While deciding on trash bag sizes may seem trivial, there’s more to it than you think. Too small, and you’re tying the tiniest knot to close it. Too big, and you’re wasting plastic—and money. And both situations could result in problems with fit, leaks, and even tearing.

Different trash bag sizes serve different purposes and needs, whether they’re at the front of your office or the back of your facility. No worries, though! We’re breaking down the various sizes and their purposes below.

13-Gallon Trash Bags

When it comes to front office or breakroom use, 12- to 16-gallon trash cans are the most common. The standard trash bag size of 13 gallons is ideal for these needs, as they fit snugly and hold the right amount of trash for your sanitation schedule.

18-Gallon Trash Bags

Higher-traffic areas—such as breakrooms or conference areas—accumulate more trash. With larger groups of people, it’s recommended that you use 18-gallon trash bags for your garbage can or recycling bin. That way, they can accommodate more garbage while providing space for you to properly tie off the trash bag before throwing it away.

20-Gallon Trash Bags

For jobs like smaller construction sites, a 20-gallon trash bag capacity is ideal. These are great for collecting scraps and yard debris or even for recycling large amounts of paper at the office. There's also enough room to leave ample space to seal and discard the bags.

33-Gallon Trash Bags

33-gallon trash bags come in handy for business and commercial buildings or heftier jobsites. These trash bags are made to hold bulkier pieces of debris or yard litter in a larger volume bag compared to the 20-gallon. You can also load smaller trash bags into this larger bag for an easier time taking your office trash bags to the dumpster. Their in-between size also ensures they’re not too heavy to carry.

45-Gallon Trash Bags

Durability becomes a more critical factor for demo and renovation projects. On these types of jobs where you have to pick up more cumbersome pieces such as drywall, or sharper objects like nails or screws, 45-gallon trash bags offer a thicker, more puncture-resistant option. Their larger size also means you can fit much more inside them on the jobsite.

56-Gallon Trash Bags

When the 45-gallon trash bags don’t do the trick, why not go with the 56-gallon bags? These trash bags are huge and come in handy for organization and protective purposes. They’re strong, tough, puncture-resistant, and work great for storing items in your facility, shed, garage, or warehouse.

60-Gallon Trash Bags

In places like recreation centers or commercial warehouses, where a larger amount of people gather, 60-gallon trash bags are a great solution. They’re perfect for getting rid of mass amounts of items and are worry-free because of their strength and stability. 60-gallon trash bags are one of the largest you can purchase and carry almost anything you need to discard.

Why Not Just Buy a 30-Gallon Trash Bag for a 30-Gallon Trash Can?

The size of the trash can or recycling bin does not always directly correlate to the size of the trash bag required. Some overhang—about 4 to 6 inches—is necessary so that you can easily tie off and change the trash bag. Any overhang beyond 4 to 6 inches means that you can use a smaller size trash bag. That way, you’re not wasting excess plastic or having to spend more on larger size bags, helping both the environment and your wallet.

Math Formula to Find the Correct Trash Bag Size

If numbers are your thing, check this out.

When looking at trash bag measurements (example: 38" x 58"), the first number is the width of the trash bag when it is laid flat (this would also be half of the circumference). The second number is the length of the trash bag from top to bottom.

Square Container Circumference
Circumference = Add the lengths of all four sides added together
Example: 10"+22"+22"+10" = 64" circumference

Round Container Circumference
Circumference = Diameter multiplied by 3.14
Example: 12" diameter x 3.14 = 37.68" circumference

Bag Length (round and square containers)
Add the height of the container plus 4-6 inches for overhang

A 38" x 58" trash bag will have a 76" (38" x 2) circumference. These formulas will help determine the circumference of your trash container to see what size trash bag will work best.

How Do You Determine the Strength of a Trash Bag?

Trash bag strength is determined by three things: the type of plastic, the trash bag’s thickness, and the type of seal used. There are three types of seals, listed below.

Note: the seal refers to the method used to seal the bottom of a trash bag, not how to tie a trash bag.

Star-Seal Trash Bags

Star seals are made by folding the bottom of the trash bag over itself several times. This type of seal is most commonly used by trash bag manufacturers as it helps eliminate leaks, prevents trash from piling up in one specific area, and allows the trash bag to be used in any garbage can or recycling bin, no matter the shape.

Flat-Seal Trash Bags

Flat seals are created by sealing the bottom edges of the trash bag together, ensuring no length of the trash bag goes unused. This type of seal is leak proof. However, they’re not as useful in different shaped garbage cans.

Gusset-Seal Trash Bags

Gusset seals are formed by taking the bottom edges and tucking them in to form a gusset. The outer edges become reinforced with four layers while the middle of the trash bag has only two. This seal has some discrepancy in strength, so these trash bags tend to leak.

How Much Weight Can Trash Bags Hold?

Use the trash bag size chart below to help determine which size trash bag you need based on how much weight the trash bag needs to hold.

Size | Thickness | Gallon Capacity | Load (Dry Weight)

20" x 21"

24" x 23"

24" x 32"

30" x 36"

30" x 36"

33" x 39"

33" x 39"

36" x 58"

38" x 58"

38" x 58"

40" x 46"

40" x 46"

43" x 47"

0.35

0.35

0.35

0.5

0.7

0.5

0.65

0.7

0.7

0.55

0.5

0.7

0.7

7

8-10

12-16

20-30

20-30

33

33

55

60

60

40-45

40-45

56

7 lbs.

10 lbs

10 lbs.

20 lbs.

30 lbs.

20 lbs.

40 lbs.

40 lbs.

30 lbs.

40 lbs.

30 lbs.

30 lbs.

40 lbs.

Source: blog.interplas.com

Conclusion: Don’t Just Go for the Cheapest Trash Bag

From small trash bag sizes to ginormous ones, there is a trash bag that meets the demands of your business, office, or facility. Prices of trash bags vary, dependent upon size and thickness, so remember, using the wrong trash bag size could lead to you spending more money by paying for more bags or because you’re paying for excess plastic you don’t need. Use this guide to inform your decision-making for your next trash bag purchase!

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Trash bags come in many sizes and price tags. Find the trash bag with the right capacity, thickness, and price that will best fit your business’s needs and budget.

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PEX Tubing: Why You Should Be Using This Popular Alternative to Traditional Plumbing Solutions

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PEX tubing is more popular than ever. Find out what's driving the trend toward this innovative solution.

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As an innovative and highly useful solution for plumbing installations, PEX tubing represents a new alternative and trend that pros should strongly consider using on the jobsite. Just as PVC once revolutionized home plumbing many decades ago, PEX has in recent years led to major shifts in the plumbing industry. In fact, according to Yahoo! Finance, the growing need for efficient heating and cooling systems has brought PEX tubing to the forefront of a growing heating and cooling systems market. In this guide, we'll explore what exactly PEX tubing is, how it can be used, what advantages it offers to professionals, and much more.

Table of Contents

What Is PEX Tubing?

Why Use PEX in Plumbing Installations?

Ideal Applications for PEX Installations

Limitations of PEX Tubing

1. What Is PEX Tubing?

At its most basic level, PEX tubing is made of cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), a plastic material with unique properties that make it well-suited for certain applications. PEX is not a brand or manufacturer, but much like PVC, it's a type of tubing that is useful in specific situations. Compared to common alternatives like copper pipes, galvanized steel, and PVC, PEX is more flexible and easier to install. It offers higher resistance to heat, is better than PVC for use with drinking water systems, and is one of the longest-lasting options for water supply piping. PEX is available in a wide range of common sizes and comes in A, B, or C forms. The difference in forms is related to the PEX manufacturing method, with B being the most common type.

PEX Products

PEX Tubing | PEX Tubing | PEX 90° Elbow | PEX Coupling
| | |

2. Why Use PEX in Plumbing Installations?

Wondering why exactly PEX has become such a popular and trendy alternative to copper and other types of piping for professional plumbers? There are actually a few reasons which combine to explain the popularity of this modern material.

One of PEX's primary advantages is its rapid installation time, which can be as little as half the time required for common alternatives like copper and PVC. PEX is also significantly cheaper than copper plumbing and can cost about one-quarter of the price of a similar pipe. PEX is also extremely flexible compared to other options, allowing it to reach around obstacles more easily and reducing the installation time and costs associated with extra fittings and materials. Finally, PEX is a long-lasting, durable material that won't need to be replaced for many decades, and it's known for being able to withstand more thermal stress than other pipes, making it ideal for hot water applications.

Types of Piping/Tubing Materials

PEX | PVC | Copper
| |

3. Ideal Applications for PEX Installations

Although PEX tubing has a wide range of possible applications, there are a few situations in which professional plumbers are most likely to rely on PEX. These are generally residential or commercial applications that involve potable water (drinking water) supply or heat transfer applications, such as water supply lines, floor cooling, snow melting, and radiators. PEX can also be used for residential fire and sprinkler systems. Keep in mind that PEX is not suitable for outdoor applications because it can be broken down by UV rays. PEX is generally accepted by all U.S. plumbing and building codes, but you'll still want to check your local plumbing requirements before moving forward with your first PEX installation.

4. Limitations of PEX Tubing

Despite its many advantages and uses, there are some limitations of PEX tubing that you'll want to consider as a plumber. First, PEX tubing can only be installed in approved locations where it can be protected from damage. For example, PEX should not make contact with extremely high temperatures, flames, UV light (as in outdoor applications), or high concentrations of chlorine—all of which can cause damage over time to the material. Also, PEX should not be used with certain mineral- and oil-based products or in contaminated soil, nor should it be installed near hazardous waste or petroleum storage tanks. See The Balance Small Business's guide to PEX plumbing for more information on potential limitations of PEX tubing.

Conclusion
PEX tubing is an innovative solution to many common piping challenges, as noted above. With significantly faster installation times, reduced costs, and greater flexibility, PEX tubing offers a number of advantages for use in water supply lines compared to alternatives like copper, galvanized steel, and PVC pipe. Looking to purchase PEX tubing for your next project? Shop our full assortment of PEX products to find everything you need to get the job done right.

Related articles

What to Know About the Use and Fitting of PVC and CPVC Pipes

Maintain Pipes and Plumbing

Copper Tubing Guide

How to Measure Pipe and Fitting Sizes

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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PEX tubing is an innovative, useful, and increasingly popular option for water supply lines. Find out why in our Resource Hub guide.

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Zoro's Editorial Staff

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As an innovative and highly useful solution for plumbing installations, PEX tubing represents a new alternative and trend that pros should strongly consider using on the jobsite. Just as PVC once revolutionized home plumbing many decades ago, PEX has in recent years led to major shifts in the plumbing industry. In fact, according to Yahoo! Finance, the growing need for efficient heating and cooling systems has brought PEX tubing to the forefront of a growing heating and cooling systems market. In this guide, we'll explore what exactly PEX tubing is, how it can be used, what advantages it offers to professionals, and much more.

Table of Contents

What Is PEX Tubing?

Why Use PEX in Plumbing Installations?

Ideal Applications for PEX Installations

Limitations of PEX Tubing

1. What Is PEX Tubing?

At its most basic level, PEX tubing is made of cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), a plastic material with unique properties that make it well-suited for certain applications. PEX is not a brand or manufacturer, but much like PVC, it's a type of tubing that is useful in specific situations. Compared to common alternatives like copper pipes, galvanized steel, and PVC, PEX is more flexible and easier to install. It offers higher resistance to heat, is better than PVC for use with drinking water systems, and is one of the longest-lasting options for water supply piping. PEX is available in a wide range of common sizes and comes in A, B, or C forms. The difference in forms is related to the PEX manufacturing method, with B being the most common type.

PEX Products

PEX Tubing | PEX Tubing | PEX 90° Elbow | PEX Coupling
| | |

2. Why Use PEX in Plumbing Installations?

Wondering why exactly PEX has become such a popular and trendy alternative to copper and other types of piping for professional plumbers? There are actually a few reasons which combine to explain the popularity of this modern material.

One of PEX's primary advantages is its rapid installation time, which can be as little as half the time required for common alternatives like copper and PVC. PEX is also significantly cheaper than copper plumbing and can cost about one-quarter of the price of a similar pipe. PEX is also extremely flexible compared to other options, allowing it to reach around obstacles more easily and reducing the installation time and costs associated with extra fittings and materials. Finally, PEX is a long-lasting, durable material that won't need to be replaced for many decades, and it's known for being able to withstand more thermal stress than other pipes, making it ideal for hot water applications.

Types of Piping/Tubing Materials

PEX | PVC | Copper
| |

3. Ideal Applications for PEX Installations

Although PEX tubing has a wide range of possible applications, there are a few situations in which professional plumbers are most likely to rely on PEX. These are generally residential or commercial applications that involve potable water (drinking water) supply or heat transfer applications, such as water supply lines, floor cooling, snow melting, and radiators. PEX can also be used for residential fire and sprinkler systems. Keep in mind that PEX is not suitable for outdoor applications because it can be broken down by UV rays. PEX is generally accepted by all U.S. plumbing and building codes, but you'll still want to check your local plumbing requirements before moving forward with your first PEX installation.

4. Limitations of PEX Tubing

Despite its many advantages and uses, there are some limitations of PEX tubing that you'll want to consider as a plumber. First, PEX tubing can only be installed in approved locations where it can be protected from damage. For example, PEX should not make contact with extremely high temperatures, flames, UV light (as in outdoor applications), or high concentrations of chlorine—all of which can cause damage over time to the material. Also, PEX should not be used with certain mineral- and oil-based products or in contaminated soil, nor should it be installed near hazardous waste or petroleum storage tanks. See The Balance Small Business's guide to PEX plumbing for more information on potential limitations of PEX tubing.

Conclusion
PEX tubing is an innovative solution to many common piping challenges, as noted above. With significantly faster installation times, reduced costs, and greater flexibility, PEX tubing offers a number of advantages for use in water supply lines compared to alternatives like copper, galvanized steel, and PVC pipe. Looking to purchase PEX tubing for your next project? Shop our full assortment of PEX products to find everything you need to get the job done right.

Related articles

What to Know About the Use and Fitting of PVC and CPVC Pipes

Maintain Pipes and Plumbing

Copper Tubing Guide

How to Measure Pipe and Fitting Sizes

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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PEX tubing is an innovative, useful, and increasingly popular option for water supply lines. Find out why in our Resource Hub guide.

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Zoro's Editorial Staff

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Noise-induced hearing loss is one of the most common workplace injuries. Especially for employees working in manufacturing and construction, repeated exposure to loud workplace noise hazards can increase the chances of suffering from permanent hearing loss. Therefore, it is important to identify noise hazards in the workplace, which are noises beyond the harmful noise level of 85dB.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a 40-year exposure to noises over 85dB can increase an individual’s risk of developing hearing loss by 8%. To promote worksite safety and prevent employees from developing chronic hearing difficulties, enforce the use of protective equipment and take appropriate noise control measures in the workplace.

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Statistics on Hearing Loss in the Workplace

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Statistics on Hearing Loss in the Workplace

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Occupational hearing loss is a serious form of workplace injury; however, it does not receive much attention since the injury is not noticeable.

Yet, in the United States:

Hearing loss has become the third most common chronic physical condition among adults, and a significant percentage of that has been a result of occupational noise hazards (CDC).

Nearly 22 million workers in the United States are exposed to dangerous noise levels at work (CDC).

Around 12% of the working population suffers from hearing difficulty (CDC).

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Even though certain industries—such as construction and manufacturing—carry greater risks for dangerous levels of noise exposure, every workplace environment has the potential to expose workers to noise hazards. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that every employer understands what constitutes overexposure to noise and how to prevent it.

1. Loud Ambient Noise

Loud background noise can often go unnoticed since prolonged exposure makes employees become accustomed to it. However, this is where the danger lies. Since employees are not acutely aware of these noises, they are less likely to use protective devices to prevent hearing loss.

Ambient noise can be present in every workplace. Some examples include:

Noisy machinery and technology at hospitals

Blaring coffee grinders and blenders at coffee shops

Loud conversations and background noise at bars

2. Prolonged Noise Caused by High-Power Tools

High-power impact tools such as hammers, air impact wrenches, nail guns, and drills are all common causes of noise hazards. For workers who are involved in construction projects for long periods of time, continuous exposure to these loud noises can cause irreparable damage to their hearing.

Though noise hazards caused by power tools tend to impact construction workers the most, people who live in close proximity to construction sites can also be affected. Due to the nature of construction work, it is especially important for employers in this industry to take preventive measures to reduce noise hazards.

3. Music at Concerts and Sports Venues

Compared to loud construction noise, loud music and entertainment sound effects might not be as unbearable. However, exposure to these noises can still cause detrimental effects. Employees who work long hours at these events, including the artists themselves, are especially susceptible to the effects of noise exposure.

Moreover, due to inadequate knowledge, participants at these events do not use protective devices to protect their auditory system, which increases the risk of hearing loss. In fact, less than 8% of U.S. adults wear hearing protection devices at loud entertainment or athletic events.

4. Aviation Noise

Aircraft takeoff can exceed 140dB and cause tremendous damage to the ears if no hearing protection devices are used. For flight attendants and pilots who are routinely exposed to high levels of noise as a part of their jobs, their hearing could be permanently affected since sound levels in the cabin can often exceed 90dB.

Though ground crews at the airport are equipped with hearing protection devices, flight attendants and pilots are not required to wear them. As flight technology improves, flights are becoming increasingly long which means higher chances of noise-induced hearing loss for aircraft workers.

5. The Noise of Military Equipment

Military personnel are often exposed to high levels of noise due to the nature of their work. According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), as of 2012, the most common disabilities caused by military service were hearing loss and tinnitus, making noise-induced hearing loss in the military a serious issue that needs to be addressed and prevented.

Many weapons and machinery used in the military often emit sounds that exceed the hazardous noise level of 85dB. With prolonged exposure, the consequent hearing loss not only affects military personnel’s ability to perform on duty, but can permanently affect their wellbeing in everyday life.

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Apart from hearing damage, noise hazards at the workplace can also result in other serious health issues.

Stress

Constant exposure to loud noises can increase stress hormone levels and induce the body’s fight or flight response. As levels of stress increase, workers might become even more susceptible to other health problems and chronic conditions.

Risk of Heart Disease

Studies show that prolonged exposure to noise activates the inflammatory response in the brain which, in turn, increases cardiovascular risk and illness. Even constant traffic noise can be detrimental to the human body (NCBI).

High Blood Pressure

As cortisol and adrenaline levels increase under stressful working conditions, arteries become constricted. As a result,  blood pressure increases, as does the risk of heart attacks. According to research published by the CDC, high blood pressure and cholesterol levels are common among employees who work in loud environments.

Depression and Anxiety

Being exposed to loud noises at work on a daily basis can have a substantial negative impact on mental health. In fact, researchers discovered that people who suffer from noise annoyance have a two-fold higher chance of experiencing depression and anxiety.

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How to Protect Against Occupational Noise Exposure

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How to Protect Against Occupational Noise Exposure

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Occupational noise exposure can cause irreversible hearing loss and serious damage to the body, but the good news is that it is preventable. By taking proper precautions and preventive measures, both employers and employees can protect themselves and each other from the above-mentioned health consequences.

1. Set Up Sound-Absorbing Acoustic Barriers

Setting up a physical barrier between employees and loud noise is a straightforward way to prevent hearing loss caused by noise exposure. For example, sound-absorbing curtains and walls are both effective in reducing high-decibel noise.

2. Enforce the Use of Personal Protective Equipment

Personal protective equipment is the first line of defense against most types of workplace injuries, including acoustic trauma. Whenever employees are required to work in loud environments, it is the employer’s duty to provide adequate hearing protection to ensure workers’ safety.

Though it is the employer’s responsibility to enforce safety procedures in the workplace, employees should also be responsible for their own safety by complying with safety policies.

3. Modify or Replace Noisy Equipment

In industries like construction and mining, the use of heavy machinery is unavoidable. However, there are still ways to ensure the noise of this equipment is reduced to a minimum. For example, using vibration dampers and silencers to reduce machines’ internal vibration and keep noise levels low can help prevent excess noise.

4. Limit Employees’ Time Spent in Noisy Areas

Spending a short amount of time in noisy environments might not cause much hearing damage. However, employees who spend hours a day under these conditions can quickly suffer from hearing loss if no protective equipment is used.

To minimize the risks of employees suffering from irreversible damage to the ears, employers should restrict the number of hours that each employee spends next to high-decibel noises.

Excessive noise is a common workplace health hazard that needs to be addressed. Every employer should identify noise hazards in the workplace. Then, they should take preventive safety measures to minimize the risk of noise-induced injuries among employees. Here are some tips to protect against noise hazards in the workplace.

Since employees are the most valuable resource of an organization, workplace safety should never be taken lightly. Noise-induced hearing loss is an irreversible damage, and to ensure each employee’s wellbeing, employers should always make the effort to develop proper safety protocols and invest in hearing protection equipment.

Sources: | CDC | NCBI |

Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Workplace noise hazards are detrimental to employees’ health. Here are ways to protect against noise hazards and ensure each employee works under safe conditions.

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Visit here before you buy! We’ve researched, compared, and compiled the data on tons of products so you don’t have to.

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Today’s cordless tools are as capable and powerful as their corded counterparts, and can go anywhere the job is—no outlet necessary. This article explains why versatility and convenience make cordless tools a must-have in your company’s tool arsenal.

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Today’s cordless tools are as capable and powerful as their corded counterparts, and can go anywhere the job is—no outlet necessary. This article explains why versatility and convenience make cordless tools a must-have in your company’s tool arsenal.

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As the technology in Li-ion batteries improves, so does the ability to work anywhere with cordless tools. No outlet? No problem. Charge your Li-ion batteries and take them to the jobsite. Many tools come in cordless versions, including cordless drills, saws, impact wrenches, grinders and more. The best part? These cordless tools can be as powerful as their plugged-in counterparts, so you don’t have to sacrifice performance.

Cordless Tool Considerations

When choosing a cordless drill or other cordless tool, there are a few things to think about.

What will you be doing with the cordless tool? Drilling? Driving screws? Grinding or sharpening? Or a little bit of everything? Tools are specialized so they do one or two things very well. If you have several different jobs your tools need to accomplish, a combo kit with interchangeable batteries might be your best bet.

Where will you be using the tool? Indoor or outdoor? At home or at a jobsite? Occasional contractor jobs or in an industrial setting? The place you use the cordless tool will help determine what features you’ll find most important.

How often will you use it? A light-duty cordless tool is fine for occasional home use, while medium- and heavy-duty tools will stand up to regular, repeated use on the job.

Power

Cordless tools run on rechargeable batteries. The most common batteries today are lithium-ion (Li-ion), though some tools still run on nickel-cadmium (NiCad) or nickel-metal hydride (NiMH). Of these, which cordless power tool battery lasts the longest, and which delivers the most power?

Lithium-ion batteries are the newest batteries on the market, used in most cordless tools. They are lighter and smaller than other types of batteries, charge faster, and discharge slowly. They can be charged many times without wearing out and don’t suffer from a “memory effect,” meaning they can be charged any time without losing much capacity. They work in a wide range of temperatures.

Nickel-cadmium batteries come from tried-and-true technology, having been around for many years. NiCad batteries are cheaper than other options. Like Li-ion batteries, NiCad batteries can work in a wide temperature range and tolerate many recharge cycles. However, they lose charge when not in use and have a “memory effect.” If a NiCad battery is not fully discharged before recharging, it can quickly lose its ability to store energy.

Nickel-metal hydride batteries. Rank these in between Li-ion and NiCad batteries, as they can have a higher capacity than NiCad batteries but lower capacity than Li-ion batteries. Like NiCad batteries, they discharge quickly even in storage.

Two key things to watch for in cordless tool batteries:

Voltage (V) | Ampere-hours (Ah)

How much power the battery can deliver

How much charge the battery can hold

The greater the voltage, the more powerful the tool can be, but added power means added weight.

In general, the greater the Ah, the longer a tool can run before recharging.

Additional Cordless Tool Considerations

Brushless Motors

Brushless motors are found on many cordless power tools. What’s so great about them? Brushless motors are more efficient and have better durability. Brushless motors cost more, but longer runtimes, greater power, and less maintenance make them worth seeking out.

Size

Drills and impact drivers come with different size chucks, which is the part of the drill or driver that holds the bit. The chuck size is the largest bit shank that will fit in the drill. Drills and drivers come in three sizes: ¼", ⅜" and ½". For light-duty jobs a ¼" chuck will suffice. A ⅜" chuck will accept more bit sizes and has a broader range of uses. A ½" drill or driver will accept the greatest number of bit sizes, making it most useful for heavy-duty needs.

Speed

Many cordless power tools, especially drills, have variable speeds with an adjustable clutch. This lets you use different bits for different jobs, such as drilling through harder or softer materials. The rotational force of a bit is called torque. High speeds and low torque work well on wood and plastic, and when using smaller-diameter bits. Lower speeds with high torque deliver more power but lower speeds, better for driving screws and drilling through harder materials, such as metal and masonry. The tool’s trigger controls the speed while the clutch is set to the desired torque level. If the clutch is properly adjusted on a driver, it prevents screws from being set too deep and being stripped.

The 6 Essential Cordless Tools

Cordless Drill

Of all the cordless tools available, the cordless drill is the most essential. A keyless chuck can take drill bits, driver bits, hole saws, sanders, and many more. Its ability to do so many different things, in large jobs or small, makes a cordless drill indispensable.

Cordless Impact Driver

If you already have a cordless drill, why get a cordless driver? The simple answer: a driver can deliver more torque. Instead of a steady rotating motion, an impact driver delivers short bursts of power. An impact driver will outperform a cordless drill when driving screws. That’s all it does. But it does it well.

Cordless Impact Wrench

Impact wrenches have traditionally been pneumatic, powered by air. This meant being attached to an air compressor and long hose that would get in the way of your work. With a cordless impact wrench in your shop’s tool selection, you can drive nuts, bolts, and screws with incredible amounts of torque anywhere.

Cordless Reciprocating Saw

A reciprocating saw is a great all-around utility saw, able to make both straight and curved cuts through metal, wood, plastic, PVC, and more. Whether used for demolition, plumbing, framing, and many other commercial projects, a cordless saw can cut nearly anywhere without you worrying about tripping over cords or accidentally unplugging it.

Cordless Angle Grinder

Cutting, grinding, sanding, buffing, sharpening, polishing, carving, and planing can all be done anywhere with a cordless angle grinder. At home in a metal shop, construction site, auto body shops, and other commercial sites, a cordless angle grinder can replace many different tools via many different attachments. If you’re moving from place to place and jobsite to jobsite, a cordless version saves time by not having to constantly run a power cord.

Cordless Combination Kit

If you need several different tools at a jobsite, a cordless combination kit can be of great value both literally and figuratively. With two or more tools running on the same battery system, you can share batteries among the various tools. This means not having to keep track of and carry as many different batteries around, all while having to make sure that they’re all charged. In many cases, a cordless combo kit can be less expensive than buying the tools individually.

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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There are a few tools you’ll need to begin working with wires. Most of these tools are considered pliers, which are tools that help you bend, strip, and cut wire.

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Circular saws are distinguished by round-shaped blades that have the ability to cut through many different material types, including metal, wood, cement block, brick, fiberglass, and slate.

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Wire connectors are available in a variety of colors, materials, shapes, and sizes.

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Wire connectors, or wire nuts as they're often referred to, are covers that are used to fasten two electrical wires together. Unlike a lot of electrical wiring projects, working with and using electrical wire connectors is easy for DIY amateur electricians and requires very few tools.

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Wire connectors, or wire nuts as they're often referred to, are covers that are used to fasten two electrical wires together. These handy little connectors prevent live wires from becoming exposed or touching metal surfaces, which could cause a dangerous fault or short circuit.

Wire connectors are available in a variety of colors, materials, shapes, and sizes. Some of the most popular wire connectors are the twist-on, push-on, and crimp-on styles. Unlike a lot of electrical wiring projects, working with and using electrical wire connectors is easy for DIY amateur electricians and requires very few tools. As with any electrical project and when using wire connectors, be sure the electricity is shut off to the circuit you'll be working with.

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In addition to making sure the electricity is turned off, it's important to select the correct size wire connector for your job. After the connectors are put in place and the electricity is switched back on, the current will obviously reflow through the wires, as well as the connectors, where it will meet with a mild resistance in its flow. This resistance will cause the wires to slightly heat up, causing them to expand. Conversely, when the current flow is stopped, the wires will cool and contract. If the wrong size connector is used, it could pop off when the wires heat and expand or fall off when they cool and contract. This will leave you with exposed wiring, which could lead to big problems. To avoid this issue, be sure the connector being used is rated for the wires it's connecting.

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These are available with external grooves or with wings for easy handling and are typically twisted on by hand. To use, strip the two wires to be connected about ½" from the end. Align side-by-side and twist together the stripped area of the wires, slide the connecter over the two wires, and twist it clockwise to make the connection. They are held in place by interior grooves or a tapered coiled metal spring inside the connector, which threads onto the joined wires to hold them tightly together. If you need to remove the connector, simply twist it counter-clockwise until it comes loose.

Twist-on connectors are commonly color-coded to indicate the size or capacity of the connector. Easy to twist on and off if necessary, they're often used in electrical wiring systems for light switches, ceiling fans, electrical receptacles or outlets, security systems, HVAC, and more. Twist-on connectors, however, aren't typically used on wiring thicker than AWG #10, as solid wire like this is too stiff to be used with this type of connector.

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These connectors are for use with solid wire only, as stranded wire will not connect securely in the ports of the connector. As the name suggests, the connection is made by pushing the solid wire into the connector until it sits tightly in place. Start by using a wire stripper or crimper to remove about ½" of the wire's insulation. Now simply push the stripped wire into one of the ports (these connectors are available with anywhere from 2 to 4 ports depending on your wiring requirements). Be sure the wire is inserted deep enough into the connector so that if you give it a good tug it won't easily come back out.

Push-in connectors have a clear shell allowing you to see if the connection was made tightly. Additionally, the clear shell makes it easier to spot a loose connection during repairs, and because of its small size, they fit easily within junction boxes. To remove a wire from a reusable push-in connector, simply hold the connector in one hand and, using a slight twisting motion, pull the wire away from the connector with your other hand.

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Typically made of steel or copper, crimp-on wire connectors require a crimping tool to make the correct connection. To use, strip the wires to be connected, align them alongside each other, and then twist the two ends together. Now, slide the crimp-on wire connector over the wires and use the crimping tool to ensure a tight, secure connection.

Since these connectors are firmly crimped in place, the connection is designed to be permanent, unlike the twist-on or push-in connectors. If a change needs to be made to the wiring or the crimp-on wire connectors do need to be removed, they would have to be completely cut off using a wire cutter.

While they're easy to use and small in size, electrical wire connectors can provide a big assist when it comes to ensuring your wiring job is done correctly and safely.

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Regardless of whether the job you're on is big or small, a capable wire cutter is a good tool to have on hand.

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How to Dig a Trench for Underground Electrical Wires

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There are a few things you’ll want to take care of before you even begin to gather your tools for this project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
As the technology in Li-ion batteries improves, so does the ability to work anywhere with cordless tools. No outlet? No problem. Charge your Li-ion batteries and take them to the jobsite. Many tools come in cordless versions, including cordless drills, saws, impact wrenches, grinders and more. The best part? These cordless tools can be as powerful as their plugged-in counterparts, so you don’t have to sacrifice performance.

Cordless Tool Considerations

When choosing a cordless drill or other cordless tool, there are a few things to think about.

What will you be doing with the cordless tool? Drilling? Driving screws? Grinding or sharpening? Or a little bit of everything? Tools are specialized so they do one or two things very well. If you have several different jobs your tools need to accomplish, a combo kit with interchangeable batteries might be your best bet.

Where will you be using the tool? Indoor or outdoor? At home or at a jobsite? Occasional contractor jobs or in an industrial setting? The place you use the cordless tool will help determine what features you’ll find most important.

How often will you use it? A light-duty cordless tool is fine for occasional home use, while medium- and heavy-duty tools will stand up to regular, repeated use on the job.

Power

Cordless tools run on rechargeable batteries. The most common batteries today are lithium-ion (Li-ion), though some tools still run on nickel-cadmium (NiCad) or nickel-metal hydride (NiMH). Of these, which cordless power tool battery lasts the longest, and which delivers the most power?

Lithium-ion batteries are the newest batteries on the market, used in most cordless tools. They are lighter and smaller than other types of batteries, charge faster, and discharge slowly. They can be charged many times without wearing out and don’t suffer from a “memory effect,” meaning they can be charged any time without losing much capacity. They work in a wide range of temperatures.

Nickel-cadmium batteries come from tried-and-true technology, having been around for many years. NiCad batteries are cheaper than other options. Like Li-ion batteries, NiCad batteries can work in a wide temperature range and tolerate many recharge cycles. However, they lose charge when not in use and have a “memory effect.” If a NiCad battery is not fully discharged before recharging, it can quickly lose its ability to store energy.

Nickel-metal hydride batteries. Rank these in between Li-ion and NiCad batteries, as they can have a higher capacity than NiCad batteries but lower capacity than Li-ion batteries. Like NiCad batteries, they discharge quickly even in storage.

Two key things to watch for in cordless tool batteries:

Voltage (V) | Ampere-hours (Ah)

How much power the battery can deliver

How much charge the battery can hold

The greater the voltage, the more powerful the tool can be, but added power means added weight.

In general, the greater the Ah, the longer a tool can run before recharging.

Additional Cordless Tool Considerations

Brushless Motors

Brushless motors are found on many cordless power tools. What’s so great about them? Brushless motors are more efficient and have better durability. Brushless motors cost more, but longer runtimes, greater power, and less maintenance make them worth seeking out.

Size

Drills and impact drivers come with different size chucks, which is the part of the drill or driver that holds the bit. The chuck size is the largest bit shank that will fit in the drill. Drills and drivers come in three sizes: ¼", ⅜" and ½". For light-duty jobs a ¼" chuck will suffice. A ⅜" chuck will accept more bit sizes and has a broader range of uses. A ½" drill or driver will accept the greatest number of bit sizes, making it most useful for heavy-duty needs.

Speed

Many cordless power tools, especially drills, have variable speeds with an adjustable clutch. This lets you use different bits for different jobs, such as drilling through harder or softer materials. The rotational force of a bit is called torque. High speeds and low torque work well on wood and plastic, and when using smaller-diameter bits. Lower speeds with high torque deliver more power but lower speeds, better for driving screws and drilling through harder materials, such as metal and masonry. The tool’s trigger controls the speed while the clutch is set to the desired torque level. If the clutch is properly adjusted on a driver, it prevents screws from being set too deep and being stripped.

The 6 Essential Cordless Tools

Cordless Drill

Of all the cordless tools available, the cordless drill is the most essential. A keyless chuck can take drill bits, driver bits, hole saws, sanders, and many more. Its ability to do so many different things, in large jobs or small, makes a cordless drill indispensable.

Cordless Impact Driver

If you already have a cordless drill, why get a cordless driver? The simple answer: a driver can deliver more torque. Instead of a steady rotating motion, an impact driver delivers short bursts of power. An impact driver will outperform a cordless drill when driving screws. That’s all it does. But it does it well.

Cordless Impact Wrench

Impact wrenches have traditionally been pneumatic, powered by air. This meant being attached to an air compressor and long hose that would get in the way of your work. With a cordless impact wrench in your shop’s tool selection, you can drive nuts, bolts, and screws with incredible amounts of torque anywhere.

Cordless Reciprocating Saw

A reciprocating saw is a great all-around utility saw, able to make both straight and curved cuts through metal, wood, plastic, PVC, and more. Whether used for demolition, plumbing, framing, and many other commercial projects, a cordless saw can cut nearly anywhere without you worrying about tripping over cords or accidentally unplugging it.

Cordless Angle Grinder

Cutting, grinding, sanding, buffing, sharpening, polishing, carving, and planing can all be done anywhere with a cordless angle grinder. At home in a metal shop, construction site, auto body shops, and other commercial sites, a cordless angle grinder can replace many different tools via many different attachments. If you’re moving from place to place and jobsite to jobsite, a cordless version saves time by not having to constantly run a power cord.

Cordless Combination Kit

If you need several different tools at a jobsite, a cordless combination kit can be of great value both literally and figuratively. With two or more tools running on the same battery system, you can share batteries among the various tools. This means not having to keep track of and carry as many different batteries around, all while having to make sure that they’re all charged. In many cases, a cordless combo kit can be less expensive than buying the tools individually.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Driven by Li-ion batteries, today’s cordless tools deliver efficient power anywhere. Cordless drills with brushless motors are a must-have in your tool kit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Learn about the three types of taps and their applications.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Sharpen Wire Cutters or Find a Pair that Works

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Need to know when it’s time to sharpen your wire cutters? If you’re asking yourself this, there’s a good chance that yours are already becoming less and less effective.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
There are a few tools you’ll need to begin working with wires. Most of these tools are considered pliers, which are tools that help you bend, strip, and cut wire.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Circular saws are distinguished by round-shaped blades that have the ability to cut through many different material types, including metal, wood, cement block, brick, fiberglass, and slate.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Wire connectors are available in a variety of colors, materials, shapes, and sizes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Wire connectors, or wire nuts as they're often referred to, are covers that are used to fasten two electrical wires together. Unlike a lot of electrical wiring projects, working with and using electrical wire connectors is easy for DIY amateur electricians and requires very few tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].summary
Visit here before you buy! We’ve researched, compared, and compiled the data on tons of products so you don’t have to.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].description
Visit here before you buy! We’ve researched, compared, and compiled the data on tons of products so you don’t have to.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Today’s cordless tools are as capable and powerful as their corded counterparts, and can go anywhere the job is—no outlet necessary. This article explains why versatility and convenience make cordless tools a must-have in your company’s tool arsenal.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
As the technology in Li-ion batteries improves, so does the ability to work anywhere with cordless tools. No outlet? No problem. Charge your Li-ion batteries and take them to the jobsite. Many tools come in cordless versions, including cordless drills, saws, impact wrenches, grinders and more. The best part? These cordless tools can be as powerful as their plugged-in counterparts, so you don’t have to sacrifice performance.

Cordless Tool Considerations

When choosing a cordless drill or other cordless tool, there are a few things to think about.

What will you be doing with the cordless tool? Drilling? Driving screws? Grinding or sharpening? Or a little bit of everything? Tools are specialized so they do one or two things very well. If you have several different jobs your tools need to accomplish, a combo kit with interchangeable batteries might be your best bet.

Where will you be using the tool? Indoor or outdoor? At home or at a jobsite? Occasional contractor jobs or in an industrial setting? The place you use the cordless tool will help determine what features you’ll find most important.

How often will you use it? A light-duty cordless tool is fine for occasional home use, while medium- and heavy-duty tools will stand up to regular, repeated use on the job.

Power

Cordless tools run on rechargeable batteries. The most common batteries today are lithium-ion (Li-ion), though some tools still run on nickel-cadmium (NiCad) or nickel-metal hydride (NiMH). Of these, which cordless power tool battery lasts the longest, and which delivers the most power?

Lithium-ion batteries are the newest batteries on the market, used in most cordless tools. They are lighter and smaller than other types of batteries, charge faster, and discharge slowly. They can be charged many times without wearing out and don’t suffer from a “memory effect,” meaning they can be charged any time without losing much capacity. They work in a wide range of temperatures.

Nickel-cadmium batteries come from tried-and-true technology, having been around for many years. NiCad batteries are cheaper than other options. Like Li-ion batteries, NiCad batteries can work in a wide temperature range and tolerate many recharge cycles. However, they lose charge when not in use and have a “memory effect.” If a NiCad battery is not fully discharged before recharging, it can quickly lose its ability to store energy.

Nickel-metal hydride batteries. Rank these in between Li-ion and NiCad batteries, as they can have a higher capacity than NiCad batteries but lower capacity than Li-ion batteries. Like NiCad batteries, they discharge quickly even in storage.

Two key things to watch for in cordless tool batteries:

Voltage (V) | Ampere-hours (Ah)

How much power the battery can deliver

How much charge the battery can hold

The greater the voltage, the more powerful the tool can be, but added power means added weight.

In general, the greater the Ah, the longer a tool can run before recharging.

Additional Cordless Tool Considerations

Brushless Motors

Brushless motors are found on many cordless power tools. What’s so great about them? Brushless motors are more efficient and have better durability. Brushless motors cost more, but longer runtimes, greater power, and less maintenance make them worth seeking out.

Size

Drills and impact drivers come with different size chucks, which is the part of the drill or driver that holds the bit. The chuck size is the largest bit shank that will fit in the drill. Drills and drivers come in three sizes: ¼", ⅜" and ½". For light-duty jobs a ¼" chuck will suffice. A ⅜" chuck will accept more bit sizes and has a broader range of uses. A ½" drill or driver will accept the greatest number of bit sizes, making it most useful for heavy-duty needs.

Speed

Many cordless power tools, especially drills, have variable speeds with an adjustable clutch. This lets you use different bits for different jobs, such as drilling through harder or softer materials. The rotational force of a bit is called torque. High speeds and low torque work well on wood and plastic, and when using smaller-diameter bits. Lower speeds with high torque deliver more power but lower speeds, better for driving screws and drilling through harder materials, such as metal and masonry. The tool’s trigger controls the speed while the clutch is set to the desired torque level. If the clutch is properly adjusted on a driver, it prevents screws from being set too deep and being stripped.

The 6 Essential Cordless Tools

Cordless Drill

Of all the cordless tools available, the cordless drill is the most essential. A keyless chuck can take drill bits, driver bits, hole saws, sanders, and many more. Its ability to do so many different things, in large jobs or small, makes a cordless drill indispensable.

Cordless Impact Driver

If you already have a cordless drill, why get a cordless driver? The simple answer: a driver can deliver more torque. Instead of a steady rotating motion, an impact driver delivers short bursts of power. An impact driver will outperform a cordless drill when driving screws. That’s all it does. But it does it well.

Cordless Impact Wrench

Impact wrenches have traditionally been pneumatic, powered by air. This meant being attached to an air compressor and long hose that would get in the way of your work. With a cordless impact wrench in your shop’s tool selection, you can drive nuts, bolts, and screws with incredible amounts of torque anywhere.

Cordless Reciprocating Saw

A reciprocating saw is a great all-around utility saw, able to make both straight and curved cuts through metal, wood, plastic, PVC, and more. Whether used for demolition, plumbing, framing, and many other commercial projects, a cordless saw can cut nearly anywhere without you worrying about tripping over cords or accidentally unplugging it.

Cordless Angle Grinder

Cutting, grinding, sanding, buffing, sharpening, polishing, carving, and planing can all be done anywhere with a cordless angle grinder. At home in a metal shop, construction site, auto body shops, and other commercial sites, a cordless angle grinder can replace many different tools via many different attachments. If you’re moving from place to place and jobsite to jobsite, a cordless version saves time by not having to constantly run a power cord.

Cordless Combination Kit

If you need several different tools at a jobsite, a cordless combination kit can be of great value both literally and figuratively. With two or more tools running on the same battery system, you can share batteries among the various tools. This means not having to keep track of and carry as many different batteries around, all while having to make sure that they’re all charged. In many cases, a cordless combo kit can be less expensive than buying the tools individually.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Driven by Li-ion batteries, today’s cordless tools deliver efficient power anywhere. Cordless drills with brushless motors are a must-have in your tool kit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Learn about the three types of taps and their applications.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Sharpen Wire Cutters or Find a Pair that Works

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Need to know when it’s time to sharpen your wire cutters? If you’re asking yourself this, there’s a good chance that yours are already becoming less and less effective.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
There are a few tools you’ll need to begin working with wires. Most of these tools are considered pliers, which are tools that help you bend, strip, and cut wire.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Circular saws are distinguished by round-shaped blades that have the ability to cut through many different material types, including metal, wood, cement block, brick, fiberglass, and slate.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Wire connectors are available in a variety of colors, materials, shapes, and sizes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Wire connectors, or wire nuts as they're often referred to, are covers that are used to fasten two electrical wires together. Unlike a lot of electrical wiring projects, working with and using electrical wire connectors is easy for DIY amateur electricians and requires very few tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Wire connectors, or wire nuts as they're often referred to, are covers that are used to fasten two electrical wires together. These handy little connectors prevent live wires from becoming exposed or touching metal surfaces, which could cause a dangerous fault or short circuit.

Wire connectors are available in a variety of colors, materials, shapes, and sizes. Some of the most popular wire connectors are the twist-on, push-on, and crimp-on styles. Unlike a lot of electrical wiring projects, working with and using electrical wire connectors is easy for DIY amateur electricians and requires very few tools. As with any electrical project and when using wire connectors, be sure the electricity is shut off to the circuit you'll be working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
In addition to making sure the electricity is turned off, it's important to select the correct size wire connector for your job. After the connectors are put in place and the electricity is switched back on, the current will obviously reflow through the wires, as well as the connectors, where it will meet with a mild resistance in its flow. This resistance will cause the wires to slightly heat up, causing them to expand. Conversely, when the current flow is stopped, the wires will cool and contract. If the wrong size connector is used, it could pop off when the wires heat and expand or fall off when they cool and contract. This will leave you with exposed wiring, which could lead to big problems. To avoid this issue, be sure the connector being used is rated for the wires it's connecting.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
These are available with external grooves or with wings for easy handling and are typically twisted on by hand. To use, strip the two wires to be connected about ½" from the end. Align side-by-side and twist together the stripped area of the wires, slide the connecter over the two wires, and twist it clockwise to make the connection. They are held in place by interior grooves or a tapered coiled metal spring inside the connector, which threads onto the joined wires to hold them tightly together. If you need to remove the connector, simply twist it counter-clockwise until it comes loose.

Twist-on connectors are commonly color-coded to indicate the size or capacity of the connector. Easy to twist on and off if necessary, they're often used in electrical wiring systems for light switches, ceiling fans, electrical receptacles or outlets, security systems, HVAC, and more. Twist-on connectors, however, aren't typically used on wiring thicker than AWG #10, as solid wire like this is too stiff to be used with this type of connector.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
These connectors are for use with solid wire only, as stranded wire will not connect securely in the ports of the connector. As the name suggests, the connection is made by pushing the solid wire into the connector until it sits tightly in place. Start by using a wire stripper or crimper to remove about ½" of the wire's insulation. Now simply push the stripped wire into one of the ports (these connectors are available with anywhere from 2 to 4 ports depending on your wiring requirements). Be sure the wire is inserted deep enough into the connector so that if you give it a good tug it won't easily come back out.

Push-in connectors have a clear shell allowing you to see if the connection was made tightly. Additionally, the clear shell makes it easier to spot a loose connection during repairs, and because of its small size, they fit easily within junction boxes. To remove a wire from a reusable push-in connector, simply hold the connector in one hand and, using a slight twisting motion, pull the wire away from the connector with your other hand.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Typically made of steel or copper, crimp-on wire connectors require a crimping tool to make the correct connection. To use, strip the wires to be connected, align them alongside each other, and then twist the two ends together. Now, slide the crimp-on wire connector over the wires and use the crimping tool to ensure a tight, secure connection.

Since these connectors are firmly crimped in place, the connection is designed to be permanent, unlike the twist-on or push-in connectors. If a change needs to be made to the wiring or the crimp-on wire connectors do need to be removed, they would have to be completely cut off using a wire cutter.

While they're easy to use and small in size, electrical wire connectors can provide a big assist when it comes to ensuring your wiring job is done correctly and safely.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Give our easy-to-use wire connectors a try and you'll be able to complete your DIY wiring project in no time!

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Regardless of whether the job you're on is big or small, a capable wire cutter is a good tool to have on hand.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Dig a Trench for Underground Electrical Wires

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
There are a few things you’ll want to take care of before you even begin to gather your tools for this project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Wire connectors, or wire nuts as they're often referred to, are covers that are used to fasten two electrical wires together. These handy little connectors prevent live wires from becoming exposed or touching metal surfaces, which could cause a dangerous fault or short circuit.

Wire connectors are available in a variety of colors, materials, shapes, and sizes. Some of the most popular wire connectors are the twist-on, push-on, and crimp-on styles. Unlike a lot of electrical wiring projects, working with and using electrical wire connectors is easy for DIY amateur electricians and requires very few tools. As with any electrical project and when using wire connectors, be sure the electricity is shut off to the circuit you'll be working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
In addition to making sure the electricity is turned off, it's important to select the correct size wire connector for your job. After the connectors are put in place and the electricity is switched back on, the current will obviously reflow through the wires, as well as the connectors, where it will meet with a mild resistance in its flow. This resistance will cause the wires to slightly heat up, causing them to expand. Conversely, when the current flow is stopped, the wires will cool and contract. If the wrong size connector is used, it could pop off when the wires heat and expand or fall off when they cool and contract. This will leave you with exposed wiring, which could lead to big problems. To avoid this issue, be sure the connector being used is rated for the wires it's connecting.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
These are available with external grooves or with wings for easy handling and are typically twisted on by hand. To use, strip the two wires to be connected about ½" from the end. Align side-by-side and twist together the stripped area of the wires, slide the connecter over the two wires, and twist it clockwise to make the connection. They are held in place by interior grooves or a tapered coiled metal spring inside the connector, which threads onto the joined wires to hold them tightly together. If you need to remove the connector, simply twist it counter-clockwise until it comes loose.

Twist-on connectors are commonly color-coded to indicate the size or capacity of the connector. Easy to twist on and off if necessary, they're often used in electrical wiring systems for light switches, ceiling fans, electrical receptacles or outlets, security systems, HVAC, and more. Twist-on connectors, however, aren't typically used on wiring thicker than AWG #10, as solid wire like this is too stiff to be used with this type of connector.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
These connectors are for use with solid wire only, as stranded wire will not connect securely in the ports of the connector. As the name suggests, the connection is made by pushing the solid wire into the connector until it sits tightly in place. Start by using a wire stripper or crimper to remove about ½" of the wire's insulation. Now simply push the stripped wire into one of the ports (these connectors are available with anywhere from 2 to 4 ports depending on your wiring requirements). Be sure the wire is inserted deep enough into the connector so that if you give it a good tug it won't easily come back out.

Push-in connectors have a clear shell allowing you to see if the connection was made tightly. Additionally, the clear shell makes it easier to spot a loose connection during repairs, and because of its small size, they fit easily within junction boxes. To remove a wire from a reusable push-in connector, simply hold the connector in one hand and, using a slight twisting motion, pull the wire away from the connector with your other hand.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Typically made of steel or copper, crimp-on wire connectors require a crimping tool to make the correct connection. To use, strip the wires to be connected, align them alongside each other, and then twist the two ends together. Now, slide the crimp-on wire connector over the wires and use the crimping tool to ensure a tight, secure connection.

Since these connectors are firmly crimped in place, the connection is designed to be permanent, unlike the twist-on or push-in connectors. If a change needs to be made to the wiring or the crimp-on wire connectors do need to be removed, they would have to be completely cut off using a wire cutter.

While they're easy to use and small in size, electrical wire connectors can provide a big assist when it comes to ensuring your wiring job is done correctly and safely.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Give our easy-to-use wire connectors a try and you'll be able to complete your DIY wiring project in no time!

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Regardless of whether the job you're on is big or small, a capable wire cutter is a good tool to have on hand.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Dig a Trench for Underground Electrical Wires

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
There are a few things you’ll want to take care of before you even begin to gather your tools for this project.

# _embedded.documents[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Transporting your tools from one job to the next and keeping them all organized is an essential part of every tradesperson’s job. Staying organized means you can find the tool you need when you need it and that your tools will stay in good condition. While a tool box offers storage, they’re generally lacking in specialized organization and can be cumbersome to carry.

That’s where a tool bag comes in. These days, tool bags offer all sorts of tool storage features to help keep your tools secure on the go. Plus, tool bags are way more comfortable to carry than tool boxes. Let’s take a look at six trending tool bags and their various features and benefits.

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1. Klein Tools Tradesman Pro™ Tool Master Tool Bag Backpack

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].title
1. Klein Tools Tradesman Pro™ Tool Master Tool Bag Backpack

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Featuring a total of 48 pockets, the Klein Tools Tradesman Pro Backpack helps keep hand tools, power tools, electronics, and other essentials safe and handy. Crafted from ultra-durable, water-resistant, 1680D ballistic woven material, this tool backpack stands up to dirty, rugged jobsites, while the molded bottom offers a sturdy base that keeps out moisture. A removable tool caddy allows you to take out just the tools you need for specific tasks, and comfort features such as padded, adjustable straps and a cushioned back panel keep you comfortable from one job to the next. We also love the metal hook that allows you to hang the bag for easy access, and a molded front pocket that helps prevent fragile items such as electronics and safety glasses from getting crushed.

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Similar to the Klein Tools bag above, the Milwaukee PACKOUT Tool Backpack is made from tear-resistant 1680D ballistic material and features 48 pockets for specialized tool storage wherever the job takes you. Part of Milwaukee’s much-loved, modular PACKOUT system, this tool backpack’s ultra-durable, molded base features cleats that allow you to attach the backpack to other storage components in the system for easier transport. A hardshell pocket on the front offers storage for breakable items such as your phone or safety glasses, and plenty of zippered pockets help keep tools organized and secure.

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The Stanley FATMAX Open Mouth Tool Bag is made from 600D polyester material and features a water-resistant polypropylene base to stand up to harsh conditions on the jobsite. A central zipper allows you to view all of the bag’s contents at once, while multiple pockets provide easy access to the tools you need for the task at hand. This Stanley tool bag is ideal for carrying small to medium-sized items and features a rugged rubber grip handle and padded shoulder straps for comfortable carrying.

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The Tuff-Tote® Ultimate Tool Carrier is crafted from premium leather and features a moisture- and oil-resistant base for enhanced durability. This unique tool carrier is designed with rugged grip handles and a removable shoulder strap for easy transport. Crafted for maximum visibility of all your hand tools at once, the free-standing design features two divided sections with six screwdriver loops, a large center compartment, four exterior pockets, and eight exterior tool loops. Rust-resistant steel grommets and nylon-threaded lock stitches add durable finishes to this leather tool carrier.

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The Salisbury Arc Flash Backpack is designed with the linesman or electrician in mind and features multiple reinforced interior and exterior pockets for all of your equipment. Crafted from cut-resistant, water-resistant materials, this rugged tool backpack is your trusty companion for wherever the job takes you. The spacious interior offers plenty of room for larger items, while smaller pockets provide easy access to tools and PPE. An exterior strap conveniently holds your hard hat, and D-rings allow you to attach other equipment. Adjustable, cushioned straps make for comfortable carrying from one job to the next.

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The CLC Work Gear Large Tool Bag is made from durable materials and boasts 17 exterior pockets to keep your must-have tools easily accessible. A center zip opens to a spacious interior that allows you to easily view all of its contents. The tool bag is finished with durable dual handles, an adjustable shoulder strap, and reinforced stitching for comfortable carrying and durability that stands the test of time.

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* * *

There you have it. We hope you found a tool bag that suits all of your needs. Now it’s time for the fun part—shopping! You can find all of these most-wanted tool bags and more at Zoro.com.

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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We found the best tool bags, backpacks, and totes for every job. Find the one that’s right for you in this guide.

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Select the Right Tool Storage for the Job

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Everything you need to know to find your optimal tool storage solution.

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Picture of a person in jeans, tshirt, and plaid shirt carrying a black plastic tool box with yellow latches.

# _embedded.documents[].RelatedLinks[].title
Pockets Full of Power: The Ideal Tool Belts for All Trades

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With so many different tool belts out there, how do you choose the best one for the job? This helpful guide walks you through the different things to look for in a tool belt, and helps you decide which type is right for your job.

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How to Store and Organize Tools in Your Garage

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Get your garage in order: Learn how to store and organize your tools for maximum efficiency and productivity.

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6 Important Things to Consider When Choosing a Hard Protective Case

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Learn what makes a hard protective case worth trusting with your gear.

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Image of a worker climbing a ladder on a tower while wearing a white hardhat, blue coveralls with reflective stripes, brown leather boots, fluorescent green work gloves, and a yellow Nanuk protective case slung over the shoulder.

# _embedded.documents[]._meta.name
Circuit Control: 5-Step Guide to Resetting Circuit Breakers

# _embedded.documents[].title
Circuit Control: 5-Step Guide to Resetting Circuit Breakers

# _embedded.documents[].subtitle
Explore circuit control with our guide to resetting circuit breakers.

# _embedded.documents[].summary
Explore circuit control with our guide to resetting circuit breakers.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].summary
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].description
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].summary
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].description
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].summary
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].description
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

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A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

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What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

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What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

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To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

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Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

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Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

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Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

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It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

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These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

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Zoro's Editorial Staff

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A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

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Zoro's Editorial Staff

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Understanding the intricacies of an electrical system is vital for anyone working in the electrical industry. Among the crucial components that play a pivotal role in managing electricity flow and safeguarding against potential fires or equipment damage is the circuit breaker. When appliances unexpectedly cease functioning, it may signal a tripped breaker or blown fuse. The terms "tripped breaker" or "tripped circuit" denote situations where the circuit breaker has automatically switched off due to an overload or short circuit, effectively cutting off the power supply to that specific area. This comprehensive guide aims to provide an in-depth understanding of circuit breakers and how to reset them.

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Understanding the Basics of How Breakers Work

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Understanding the Basics of How Breakers Work

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A circuit breaker serves as an electrical switch designed to safeguard an electrical circuit from potential damage due to excessive current. Its primary function is to automatically interrupt the electricity flow upon detecting a fault or overload within the circuit. The circuit breaker incorporates a switching mechanism that can be manually operated or triggered automatically based on specific conditions. Equipped with sensing devices, circuit breakers monitor the current within the circuit and identify abnormal conditions, such as an exceeding of the rated capacity or the presence of a short circuit.

Two common trip mechanisms, electromagnetic and thermal, come into play in response to varying conditions. Electromagnetic tripping occurs with a sudden increase in current, such as during a short circuit, activating a mechanism that uses the magnetic field generated to force the breaker into an open position. For sustained overloads, thermal tripping is started, relying on a heated bimetallic strip that, when bent, triggers the circuit breaker to open.

Upon detection of an abnormal condition and activation of the trip mechanism, the circuit breaker opens the circuit by shifting the switch to the "off" position. This action halts the current flow, preventing further damage to electrical components and equipment. Some circuit breakers may include a manual reset feature, allowing power restoration to the circuit after the fault is cleared. Additionally, during the circuit opening process, an arc may form between the contacts of the circuit breaker. Special mechanisms or materials are employed to extinguish this arc swiftly, preventing contact damage and ensuring a safe circuit interruption.

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Before delving into the resetting procedure, one should acknowledge that working with electrical systems can be hazardous if precautions are not taken. Always ensure your hands are dry and not in contact with metal parts before interacting with your circuit breaker distribution panel. Wearing rubber-soled shoes and using only one hand when resetting the breaker enhances safety.

Identify the Problem: Locate your fuse box switch, usually found in utility rooms, basements, or garages. Look for any switches flipped opposite from others, indicating a tripped breaker.

Prepare to Reset the Breaker: Ensure all connected appliances are turned off before resetting the tripped circuit.

Reset the Breaker: Firmly push the tripped breaker to the "off" position and flip it back to "on." Professional assistance may be necessary if it won't stay ON or immediately trips again (or if it's stuck in the middle).

Turn On Your Appliances: Gradually turn on each appliance, one at a time, starting with those that draw less power. This gradual process helps avoid another power trip.

When to Call a Professional: If your circuit keeps tripping or you can't reset your breaker, it's time to call a professional.

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Common Mistakes When Resetting a Circuit Breaker

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Things to Note When Resetting a Circuit Breaker

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Identify the Correct Breaker

Mistakenly resetting the wrong breaker can lead to persistent electrical issues. To avoid this, take the time to properly identify the correct breaker by checking the position of the switch or referring to the breaker panel diagram. This will help you reset the right breaker and prevent further complications.

Turn Off Appliances on the Circuit

Before resetting the breaker, ensure all appliances on the affected circuit are switched off to prevent power overload when power is restored. Attempting to reset a breaker without first turning off the appliances connected to that circuit can lead to immediate tripping and potential damage. By ensuring all appliances are switched off, you can reset the breaker safely and efficiently.

Avoid Repeated Reset Attempts

Trying to reset a breaker that won't stay on can be frustrating. However, continuously attempting to reset it may indicate a more significant problem and can be unsafe. If the breaker consistently trips or won't reset, avoid repeated attempts and seek professional assistance to identify and address the underlying issue. This will help you avoid further complications and ensure your safety.

Prioritize Safety Precautions

Electrical shock can be dangerous, and neglecting safety precautions can pose a risk. Prioritize safety by taking necessary precautions, including wearing appropriate footwear, keeping hands dry, and using one hand when interacting with the breaker. Doing so will reduce the risk of electrical shock and prevent potential safety hazards.

Seek Professional Help for Persistent Issues

Ignoring persistent issues or assuming that resetting the breaker will solve all problems may lead to long-term damage to the electrical system. If the breaker keeps tripping or if you encounter difficulties, consult a qualified electrician to assess and address the underlying electrical issue for a more comprehensive solution. This will help you avoid complications and ensure your electrical system functions efficiently.

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Properly resetting a circuit breaker is essential to maintaining a safe and efficient electrical system in your home. While knowing how to reset a breaker is important, it's equally important to prioritize safety. Seeking professional help when in doubt or encountering issues is always the wisest decision.

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions. Portions of this article were generated in part by ChatGPT, and edited by a member of the Zoro team.

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Explore the basics of circuit breakers and their role in electrical systems, and learn how to reset circuit breakers in our detailed guide.

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Understanding the Types of Circuit Breakers

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Learn more about circuit breakers to help with electrical safety.

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Conduit fittings, including couplers and connectors, are used to connect one piece of conduit to another or to connect conduit to an electrical box. Learn how to differentiate between them, choose the right fitting for your application, and install the fittings you need properly and safely.

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