# _embedded.documents[]._meta.name
The 7 Easy Steps to Changing Your Engine Oil

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The 7 Easy Steps to Changing Your Engine Oil

# _embedded.documents[].subtitle
If you’ve never changed you car’s oil before, it may be easier than you think.

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Save money and feel a sense of accomplishment with these DIY oil change tips! Rely on Zoro for all your vehicle maintenance supplies.

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Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

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Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].summary
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].description
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].summary
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].description
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

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Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

# _embedded.documents[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Changing your own oil not only saves you money, but puts you in charge of your car’s routine maintenance. To get started, just roll up your sleeves, and prepare to get your hands dirty—it's that simple.

Warm the Old Oil

Elevate Your Vehicle’s Front End and Secure the Wheels

Remove the Oil Fill Cap

Remove the Oil Filter

Drain the Crankcase of the Old Engine Oil

Pour In the New Oil

Reestablish Proper Oil Pressure

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1) Warm the Old Oil.

It’s easier and more efficient to work with oil that is warm (but not dangerously hot). To do this, start the car engine and idle for 5 to10 minutes. If you’ve been using the car, wait about 20 minutes to let the oil cool down.

2) Elevate Your Vehicle’s Front End and Secure the Wheels.

Park on a flat surface and raise the front end of the car by driving onto ramps or by using a floor jack. Set the parking brake and block the back tires with wheel blocks.  Turn the engine off.

3) Remove the Oil Fill Cap.

Under the hood, locate the oil fill cap and remove it. This will help to vent the system, enabling easy oil flow when you open the drain plug underneath the vehicle later. Many vehicles indicate the manufacturer’s recommended oil viscosity on the face of this cap. If it’s not indicated there, consult your owner's manual for that information.

4) Remove the Oil Filter.

Under the engine, locate the oil filter and position an oil drain pan under it. Remove the oil filter. If you can’t loosen your oil filter by hand, you may need a socket wrench, or an oil filter strap wrench to loosen it. Once you’ve removed the oil filter, clean the mount and clear away any remnants of the filter’s gasket from the mount area. Apply a thin film of new engine oil to the gasket of the new oil filter and spin the new filter into place. You should only need a ½ to ¾ turn from a standard wrench to tighten the new filter into place.

5) Drain the Crankcase of the Old Engine Oil.

Place the drain pan under the oil drain plug and loosen the plug using your socket wrench or ratchet. Once loosened, unscrew it the rest of the way using your fingers to avoid losing it in the drip pan (it’s actually less messy this way). Let the oil drain into the drain pan until flow is reduced to a slow drip. Replace and tighten the oil drain plug, being careful not to strip it. Usually about a ¼ turn does the trick. Clean up any excess oil with a rag and remember to dispose of your used oil responsibly, in compliance with state and local laws.

6) Pour In the New Oil.

Back up on the top side of your car engine, place your funnel in the oil hole from which you removed the cap and slowly pour in the new oil. Usually your crankcase will accommodate 4 to 5 quarts of engine oil, but be sure to follow your vehicle’s manufacturer’s specs for proper oil amounts and viscosity. Replace the cap and clean up any spills with rags.

7) Reestablish Proper Oil Pressure.

Close the hood and start the engine to reestablish proper oil pressure. After the engine has run for about 5 minutes, check under the vehicle for any leaks from the oil plug or filter. If they leak, stop the engine and adjust them as needed. If there are no leaks, carefully lower your vehicle.

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How often should you change your oil?

Every 3,000 miles used to be the standard, but many manufacturers now recommend longer distances between changes. Consult the owner’s manual for oil change frequency recommendations concerning your specific vehicle.

How long does an oil change take?

The first few may take a little longer, but once you get this down, it should take about 20-30 minutes.

How much does an oil change cost?

Prices in professional shops vary regionally but you can expect to pay as much as $50 in some areas, to as little as $20 for the cheapest oil change. The average is somewhere in the middle, of course.

Aside from the basic essentials, are there any other supplies that can make it even easier?

Other items that you may want to consider include:

Mechanic’s Creeper—Basically a low-slung board on wheels that you lie on to easily roll yourself under the vehicle and maneuver.

Mechanics Gloves for cleaner hands and better grips.

Safety Glasses—because it makes sense to protect your eyes any time you work around engines.

A Worklight—for better visibility of the parts under your car.

That’s it! All that’s left to do is wash up, using your preferred hand soap (or you may want to leave a trace of that grime on your hands as a badge of your DIY prowess!). Find all you need for vehicle maintenance at Zoro.

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Save money and feel a sense of accomplishment with these DIY oil change tips! Rely on Zoro for all your vehicle maintenance supplies.

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If you’re a fan of changing your own motor oil or work at a garage, chances are some of that oil is going to end up on your clothing.

# _embedded.documents[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
It’s one of the basic tenets of automotive maintenance: clean motor oil contributes to engine health.

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Motor oil is the lifeblood of so many machines used for both work and play.

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How to Choose the Right Wood Screw Size and Type

# _embedded.documents[].title
How to Choose the Right Wood Screw Size and Type

# _embedded.documents[].subtitle
Let’s sort through the different drive sizes and head types and when to use each.

# _embedded.documents[].summary
Wood screws have been in use for centuries, usually serving a simple but essential purpose: joining two pieces of wood together. Here, we’ll take a look at the different types and uses of wood screws, including how to properly size them for your needs.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].summary
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].description
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].summary
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].description
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

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(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

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The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

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Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

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The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

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Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

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Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

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How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

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The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

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Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

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Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

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Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

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Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

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What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

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These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

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Zoro's Editorial Staff

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A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Wood screws have been in use for centuries, usually serving a simple but essential purpose: joining two pieces of wood together. Here, we’ll take a look at the different types and uses of wood screws, including how to properly size them for your needs.

Flat-Head Type

Oval Head Type

Round Head Type

Though wood screws are extremely common and can be used in a wide variety of applications, they’re most often used to join two or more pieces of wood together. Wood screws may also be used with some types of hardware or even with drywall.

Commonly found in many types of wooden furniture, wood screws can be used as great fasteners. They’re designed to create a strong joint and make an excellent alternative to nails and clamps when you’re working with wood.

In addition to their use in woodworking and furniture, some wood screws may also be used in outdoor applications, such as carpentry and constructing or repairing wooden decks. Compared to metal screws, wood screws have fewer threads and are not threaded throughout, with a shape that tapers from the head to the sharp, pointed end.

One more important note for the uninitiated: wood screws are used to join wood to wood, but they are never made of wood. In fact, most wood screws are made of steel.

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What differences are there between wood screws?

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Whether you’re shopping for wood screws or hoping to determine what type of wood screw you have on hand, the most common considerations are the material, drive type, head type or head shape, length, and gauge or thickness. See below for more detail on each of these qualities.

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What are the differences between wood screw materials, drive types, and head types?

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The most common wood screw materials are carbon steel and brass for indoor applications and stainless steel for outdoor use. Outdoor wood screws are frequently treated with a coating (by electroplating or galvanizing) to prevent corrosion and deterioration. Many manufacturers have developed their own proprietary coatings, most often for deck screws. Screws may also be coated with different finishes (e.g., bronze, nickel, or black oxide) for aesthetic or decorative reasons.

The most common drive types for wood screws are the everyday Phillips and slotted head styles, but many other types are available, including hex head, square head, Torx/star head, and Phillips square head screws.

For the most part, the head types or shapes of wood screws are either flat, round, or oval, but other options do exist.

Flat head screws have a flat top and a conically shaped underside. This allows the wood screw to sit flush with the finished workpiece, creating a smooth surface.

Oval head screws have the same conically shaped underside as flathead screws, but with a decorative top that protrudes slightly above the surface.

Round head screws are flat on the underside of the head, with a domed top that sits above the surface of the workpiece.

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].title
How do you determine the size of a wood screw and what do the screw numbers mean?

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The size of a wood screw is generally determined by its gauge (or thickness/diameter) and the length of its shaft. Both length and diameter may be measured in inches, but the gauge is a screw size number, which can be confusing if you haven’t encountered it before. For convenience, we’ve provided a table below that converts screw size or gauge into the screw’s diameter in inches.

Wood Screw Sizing Table

Screw Size

Closest
Fractional Size

Hard Wood Straight Pilot Bit

Soft Wood
Straight Pilot Bit

2 | 3/32" | 1/16" | 1/16"
3 | 7/64" | 5/64" | 1/16"
4 | 7/64" | 5/64" | 1/16"
5 | 1/8" | 3/32" | 5/64"
6 | 9/64" | 7/64" | 3/32"
7 | 5/32" | 7/64" | 3/32"
8 | 5/32" | 1/8" | 7/64"
9 | 11/64" | 9/64" | 1/8"
10 | 3/16" | 9/64" | 1/8"
12 | 7/32" | 5/32" | 9/64"
14 | 1/4" | 11/64" | 5/32"
16 | 17/64" | 3/16" | 11/64"
18 | 19/64" | 7/32" | 13/64"
20 | 5/16" | 15/64" | 7/32"

In the above chart, the column labeled “closest fractional size” relates to screw size (or gauge) and references the closest fractional diameter of the corresponding screw shaft. The other two columns are designed to help you determine which drill bit to use when drilling a pilot hole for that screw size, with options for both hard and soft woods.

When it comes to choosing the right length for your wood screws, remember that longer screws will create a stronger joint—but screws must not be too long or they’ll break through the opposite side. Similarly, a thicker screw is stronger, but too much thickness can lead to splitting. When it comes to choosing the right wood screws, you may also want to consider the type of wood you’re using and whether you plan to drill a pilot hole first.

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Pocket hole screws are commonly used when building furniture or cabinets. When selecting a pocket hole screw, be sure to choose screws with coarse threads for softer woods (such as pine) and fine thread screws for harder woods (such as maple or oak).

Wood screws have stood the test of time, and their versatility means they’re probably not going away anytime soon. No matter what your needs are, Zoro’s excellent selection of wood screws can help you realize your woodworking dreams. While you’re shopping, don’t forget to check out our full selection of useful fasteners.

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Here is some helpful information on the different types and uses of wood screws, including how to properly size them for your needs.

# _embedded.documents[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Use this guide to help you find the screw size number or fractional size. Then select the head type that meets your needs.

# _embedded.documents[].subtitle
Several factors concerning design and function should be considered when selecting the right hinges.

# _embedded.documents[].summary
Hinges are hardware pieces that provide a joint between two objects. They allow certain objects such as doors, gates and cabinets to function properly. In order for a hinge to support an objects’ size, weight, and placement, the correct hinges must be selected.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].summary
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].description
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].summary
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].description
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].summary
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].description
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

# _embedded.documents[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Hinges are hardware pieces that provide a joint between two objects. They allow certain objects such as doors, gates and cabinets to function properly. In order for a hinge to support an objects’ size, weight, and placement, the correct hinges must be selected. For example, small hinges could break if supporting too much weight, and cabinets often require hinges that stay concealed. In order to understand the different types of hinges, our guide breaks down the particular styles and what they’re used for.

Parts and Properties of a Hinge

Leaf: Held together by the pin, the leaf extends laterally from the pin.
Knuckle: Tubular housing for the pin, the knuckle acts a joint for the hinge.
Knuckle Length: The segments that make up the knuckle are measured parallel with the pin.
Pin: The rod that runs the length of the hinge that holds onto the leaves.
Swaging: When one or both leaves form towards or away from the pins’ center.

Types of Hinges

Butt hinge: Designed with two plates that attach onto objects, most commonly used for interior doors.
Butterfly hinge: A small and decorative hinge that is used on ornate items such as jewelry boxes.
Concealed hinge: Made with a two-part support and closing structure, this hinge is meant to be hidden and is primarily used on cabinet and furniture doors.
Flag hinge: Swivels around a pin for right or left configurations and directional movement, often used on interior doors.
H hinge: The plates form an H shape which creates a flush mounted look. Commonly used on closet doors and corner cabinets.
Pivot hinge: Offers a wide range of motion operated from a single point, often found on glass doors.
Spring loaded hinge: Referred to as “self-closing door hinges,” these are ideal for cabinets.
Strap hinge: Often a decorative hinge, it features a wide design and is commonly placed on gates, sheds and other outdoor structures.

Center Pivot Hinges

Concealed Hinges

Hinges can be constructed from different materials depending on the weight it will hold, and can have distinct traits such as removable pins, springs and more.

When your hinges are loose or in need of replacement, our selection of door and cabinet hinges, door hardware and gate hardware will help you find something new.

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
There are a variety of hinges that perform opening and closing functions from the simple to the complex. Find out which hinges are best for your application.

# _embedded.documents[].subtitle
There are a variety of door closers that support a wide range of commercial and residential applications. Here’s how to select the one that’s right for your needs.

# _embedded.documents[].summary
Standard ratings and mount types are critical considerations in selecting the right door closer.   While most door closers work the same way, they have different classifications and mount types from which to choose.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].summary
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].description
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].summary
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].description
Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

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Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

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How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

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The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

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PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

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Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

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Don’t know where to start on an installation or repair job? Browse our how-to guides for answers to popular questions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Concise guide that covers the key aspects of pipe and fitting measurements. It is an essential tool for anyone working with pipes and fittings.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Learn to measure pipe and fitting sizes accurately with this helpful guide.

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Determining what size pipes you need for your project can be confusing. Many people assume pipe size is the outer diameter of the pipe—but “pipe size” actually refers to what is called “nominal diameter.”

Fittings can be just as confusing. Their inside diameters must be large enough to fit over the pipe's outside diameter. A half-inch plastic elbow, for example, has an outside diameter of about 1-1/4 inches.

Use this guide to help you find the pipe and fitting sizes you need for your next project.

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Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

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Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter

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The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe fitting:

Wrap a string around the pipe

Mark the point where the string touches together

Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between the tip of the string and the mark you made (circumference)

Divide the circumference by 3.14159

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting (use a ruler or tape measure).

2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe size).

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(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Diameter | Decimal Equivalent | Nominal Diameter | Typical Threads Per Inch
5/16 | 0.313 | 1/16 | 27
13/32 | 0.405 | 1/8 | 27

35/64

0.540

1/4

18

43/64 | 0.675 | 3/8 | 18
27/32 | 0.840 | 1/2 | 14
1-3/64 | 1.050 | 3/4 | 14
1-5/16 | 1.315 | 1 | 11-1/2

1-21/32

1.660

1-1/4

11-1/2

1-29/32 | 1.900 | 1-1/2 | 11-1/2
2-3/8 | 2.375 | 2 | 11-1/2
2-7/8 | 2.875 | 2-1/2 | 8
3-1/2 | 3.500 | 3 | 8
4 | 4.000 | 3-1/2 | 8
4-1/2 | 4.500 | 4 | 8

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on the actual outside diameter of the tube.

PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it is measured and named by inside diameter.

Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing

Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe | 27/32”
1/2” size tubing | 1/2”

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
One of the most common thread types is National Pipe Thread (NPT). These come in male (NPT, MPT, or MNPT) and female (FPT or FNPT). These are usually tapered threads used in joining and sealing pipes.

Another common thread is National Standard Free-Fitting Straight Mechanical Pipe Thread (NPSM). These straight thread pipes are typically used for mechanical joints.

BSP thread form stands for British Standard Pipe. It is based on trade size rather than actual diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Know which pipe diameter to use when fitting pipe, and how to convert actual diameter to nominal diameter.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Commonly found inside and outside homes and businesses, PVC (short for polyvinyl chloride) pipes are used for a variety of purposes, most notably kitchen and bathroom drains and outdoor drain pipes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Join and Loosen Galvanized Pipe Fittings

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
The problem is, over the years some galvanized steel pipes may start to rust from the inside out, which can cause reduced water pressure and the potential for flood-causing leaks or ruptures.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
If your business is located in an area with wintry extremes, your building may be at risk for frozen pipes. This preventable maintenance concern can wreak havoc on your facility.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Don’t wait until you’re ankle-deep in water from a broken pipe. Little leaks now can bring big problems later.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
PVC Pipe Sizes: A Guide To Sizes and Dimensions

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
To avoid misuse, plumbing malfunctions, or pushing back a piping project, it’s helpful to do your research and find the right product fit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Ensure your electrical wires and fuses are working efficiently with a Megohmmeter. Learn how to conduct Megger testing with this guide.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

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What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
A megohmmeter, or megger, is a device used to test electrical and insulation resistance. This is usually done by sending a high-voltage signal into the object being tested, typically a wire or motor. Using a megger is important for avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. This article will walk through how and when to use a megohmmeter, and discuss how it compares to other tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
What Do Megohmmeters Measure and How Do They Work?

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
To understand how megohmmeters work, it’s important to understand the measurements they use. The measurements produced by a megohmmeter, in their smallest part, can be reduced down to ohms. But what are ohms? Ohm is a measure of electrical resistance. The amount a material reduces the electric current that runs through it is the amount of electrical resistance.

Megohmmeters get their names by measuring large numbers of ohms. Meggers read values out in megohms, where 1 megohm is equal to 1,000,000 ohms.

But then why are megohmmeters sometimes called insulation testers? This is because, in order to test the electrical resistance of wires, for example, megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. Taking this measurement assesses the integrity of the insulation, which is important in avoiding electric shock and equipment damage. However, even though meggers are sometimes referred to as insulation testers because they can perform this function, they’re also usually limited to this function. Other tools referred to as insulation testers may have more capabilities, such as readings for voltage and current output.

To test insulation, meggers use a high-voltage, low-current DC charge that measures the resistance within wires and motor windings to identify current leakage and faulty or damaged insulation. This is known as a meggering test. Meggering tests help verify the integrity of the wires or motors you are working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Meggers generate voltage to determine the high resistance value of insulation. Typically, the smallest value that a megohmmeter can supply is 1,000 volts, while some hand-crank meggers can supply as much as 10,000 volts or more through a small generator inside the meter. To run a megger test, follow these steps and refer to the megohmmeter's manual for complete safety guidelines.

Step 1. Cut power

Make sure you eliminate any voltage running through the wires you want to test.

Step 2. Uninstall wires

Disconnect the wires you want to test from both ends of the circuit and all feeding wires in motors.

Step 3. Connect the ground lead

Connect one of the megger’s leads to a ground connection such as the wire insulation, the electrical frame, or the ground.

Step 4. Connect to conductor

Connect the other megger lead to the conductor such as the exposed copper of the wire or motor terminal.

Step 5. Build voltage

Crank the generator handle to build voltage. This could take anywhere from two to five seconds.

Step 6. Read meter

Determining a safe reading depends on what you’re testing. Generally, a reading should equal one megohm for each 1,000 volts of operating voltage. For a motor that has a 1,500 operating voltage, a perfect reading would be 1.5 megohms. A minimum reading should never be less than one megohm.

Step 7. Complete testing

Complete testing of remaining wires or terminals.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].jumpLinkTitle
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].title
Measuring Electrical Resistance vs. Insulation Resistance

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
It’s important to note that multimeters and megohmmeters are not the same thing. Multimeters measure electrical resistance and megohmmeters measure insulation resistance. While electrical resistance is a component in using a megger, the purpose of a megger test is to measure insulation resistance. This is done to check for faulty insulation that could cause electrical problems or damage. Multimeters do not have the ability to measure insulation resistance.

Megohmmeters are an essential device to ensure safety during electrical jobs. Understanding how to use them and read them can help prevent damage to expensive equipment, unplanned shutdowns, and dangers to personnel.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Conducting megger tests is important to ensure the safety and proper function of equipment during electrical jobs. They can also prevent harm to staff.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

# _embedded.documents[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Door closers are useful for homes and businesses alike. Standard ratings and mount types are critical considerations in selecting the right door closer.  When searching for the right door closer, be sure to know which ANSI grade and type of mounting installation would work best for your door.

ANSI (American National Standards Institute) Rating

Door closers are classified by ANSI grade standards or duty cycles.

ANSI Grade 1: Rated for 2 million cycles; ideal for high-traffic commercial areas such as entrances in offices, schools, and stores.

ANSI Grade 2: Rated for 1 million cycles; ideal for medium-traffic commercial areas such as interior offices or public restrooms.

ANSI Grade 3: Rated for 500,000 cycles; ideal for low-traffic residential areas such as closet doors.

Mount Types

Surface mounts are attached to the surface of the door, and there are three basic types: top jamb, parallel arm, or regular. Top jamb and parallel mounts install on the push side of a door and regular mounts install on the pull side of a door. These would be ideal for emergency exit doors or doors within stairwells so they may contain smoke or fire during an emergency.

Concealed mounts are attached within a door frame to remain concealed. These are for doors that swing in both directions. They would be ideal for interior doors such as waiting rooms or for areas to which only authorized personnel are admitted to ensure privacy and security.

Screen and storm door mounts are attached on the surface of a door. These feature a small metal rod with a washer attached, which can create a locking mechanism to prop the door open if needed. These are great for storm doors to block heavy winds from blowing the door open.

Surface mount door closers

Concealed mount door closers

Screen and storm door mounts

Door Handing (Swing)

Door handing or the direction in which the door swings can apply to certain closers. It’s important to match these closers to the way your door swings. This chart will assist in determining the proper handing of your door for selecting the correct closer.

Closer Force

Door closers can be classified in one of six different closing force “sizes,” as shown in the chart. Most closers are adjustable, but the most common are Size 4 for an external 36" wide commercial door, and a Size 3 for an internal commercial or residential application.

Additional Considerations

If you need additional accessories for your door, springs can also be used to close a door automatically after it has been released. Push and pull plates are great for commercial doors as they add stability when opening them, and door lock hardware provides increased security for homes, offices, and commercial spaces.

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Choosing the right door closer will help close a door in a controlled manner to prevent slamming or swinging open.

# _embedded.documents[].subtitle
Keep cabinets, drawers, and more safely locked.

# _embedded.documents[].summary
Cam locks are a type of hardware that offers a simple locking solution, especially popular for use with office furniture such as desk drawers and filing cabinets. These locks secure items that require stowing, and can restrict access for anyone not having a key.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].summary
Visit here before you buy! We’ve researched, compared, and compiled the data on tons of products so you don’t have to.

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Visit here before you buy! We’ve researched, compared, and compiled the data on tons of products so you don’t have to.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Today’s cordless tools are as capable and powerful as their corded counterparts, and can go anywhere the job is—no outlet necessary. This article explains why versatility and convenience make cordless tools a must-have in your company’s tool arsenal.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].summary
Visit here before you buy! We’ve researched, compared, and compiled the data on tons of products so you don’t have to.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].description
Visit here before you buy! We’ve researched, compared, and compiled the data on tons of products so you don’t have to.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Today’s cordless tools are as capable and powerful as their corded counterparts, and can go anywhere the job is—no outlet necessary. This article explains why versatility and convenience make cordless tools a must-have in your company’s tool arsenal.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
As the technology in Li-ion batteries improves, so does the ability to work anywhere with cordless tools. No outlet? No problem. Charge your Li-ion batteries and take them to the jobsite. Many tools come in cordless versions, including cordless drills, saws, impact wrenches, grinders and more. The best part? These cordless tools can be as powerful as their plugged-in counterparts, so you don’t have to sacrifice performance.

Cordless Tool Considerations

When choosing a cordless drill or other cordless tool, there are a few things to think about.

What will you be doing with the cordless tool? Drilling? Driving screws? Grinding or sharpening? Or a little bit of everything? Tools are specialized so they do one or two things very well. If you have several different jobs your tools need to accomplish, a combo kit with interchangeable batteries might be your best bet.

Where will you be using the tool? Indoor or outdoor? At home or at a jobsite? Occasional contractor jobs or in an industrial setting? The place you use the cordless tool will help determine what features you’ll find most important.

How often will you use it? A light-duty cordless tool is fine for occasional home use, while medium- and heavy-duty tools will stand up to regular, repeated use on the job.

Power

Cordless tools run on rechargeable batteries. The most common batteries today are lithium-ion (Li-ion), though some tools still run on nickel-cadmium (NiCad) or nickel-metal hydride (NiMH). Of these, which cordless power tool battery lasts the longest, and which delivers the most power?

Lithium-ion batteries are the newest batteries on the market, used in most cordless tools. They are lighter and smaller than other types of batteries, charge faster, and discharge slowly. They can be charged many times without wearing out and don’t suffer from a “memory effect,” meaning they can be charged any time without losing much capacity. They work in a wide range of temperatures.

Nickel-cadmium batteries come from tried-and-true technology, having been around for many years. NiCad batteries are cheaper than other options. Like Li-ion batteries, NiCad batteries can work in a wide temperature range and tolerate many recharge cycles. However, they lose charge when not in use and have a “memory effect.” If a NiCad battery is not fully discharged before recharging, it can quickly lose its ability to store energy.

Nickel-metal hydride batteries. Rank these in between Li-ion and NiCad batteries, as they can have a higher capacity than NiCad batteries but lower capacity than Li-ion batteries. Like NiCad batteries, they discharge quickly even in storage.

Two key things to watch for in cordless tool batteries:

Voltage (V) | Ampere-hours (Ah)

How much power the battery can deliver

How much charge the battery can hold

The greater the voltage, the more powerful the tool can be, but added power means added weight.

In general, the greater the Ah, the longer a tool can run before recharging.

Additional Cordless Tool Considerations

Brushless Motors

Brushless motors are found on many cordless power tools. What’s so great about them? Brushless motors are more efficient and have better durability. Brushless motors cost more, but longer runtimes, greater power, and less maintenance make them worth seeking out.

Size

Drills and impact drivers come with different size chucks, which is the part of the drill or driver that holds the bit. The chuck size is the largest bit shank that will fit in the drill. Drills and drivers come in three sizes: ¼", ⅜" and ½". For light-duty jobs a ¼" chuck will suffice. A ⅜" chuck will accept more bit sizes and has a broader range of uses. A ½" drill or driver will accept the greatest number of bit sizes, making it most useful for heavy-duty needs.

Speed

Many cordless power tools, especially drills, have variable speeds with an adjustable clutch. This lets you use different bits for different jobs, such as drilling through harder or softer materials. The rotational force of a bit is called torque. High speeds and low torque work well on wood and plastic, and when using smaller-diameter bits. Lower speeds with high torque deliver more power but lower speeds, better for driving screws and drilling through harder materials, such as metal and masonry. The tool’s trigger controls the speed while the clutch is set to the desired torque level. If the clutch is properly adjusted on a driver, it prevents screws from being set too deep and being stripped.

The 6 Essential Cordless Tools

Cordless Drill

Of all the cordless tools available, the cordless drill is the most essential. A keyless chuck can take drill bits, driver bits, hole saws, sanders, and many more. Its ability to do so many different things, in large jobs or small, makes a cordless drill indispensable.

Cordless Impact Driver

If you already have a cordless drill, why get a cordless driver? The simple answer: a driver can deliver more torque. Instead of a steady rotating motion, an impact driver delivers short bursts of power. An impact driver will outperform a cordless drill when driving screws. That’s all it does. But it does it well.

Cordless Impact Wrench

Impact wrenches have traditionally been pneumatic, powered by air. This meant being attached to an air compressor and long hose that would get in the way of your work. With a cordless impact wrench in your shop’s tool selection, you can drive nuts, bolts, and screws with incredible amounts of torque anywhere.

Cordless Reciprocating Saw

A reciprocating saw is a great all-around utility saw, able to make both straight and curved cuts through metal, wood, plastic, PVC, and more. Whether used for demolition, plumbing, framing, and many other commercial projects, a cordless saw can cut nearly anywhere without you worrying about tripping over cords or accidentally unplugging it.

Cordless Angle Grinder

Cutting, grinding, sanding, buffing, sharpening, polishing, carving, and planing can all be done anywhere with a cordless angle grinder. At home in a metal shop, construction site, auto body shops, and other commercial sites, a cordless angle grinder can replace many different tools via many different attachments. If you’re moving from place to place and jobsite to jobsite, a cordless version saves time by not having to constantly run a power cord.

Cordless Combination Kit

If you need several different tools at a jobsite, a cordless combination kit can be of great value both literally and figuratively. With two or more tools running on the same battery system, you can share batteries among the various tools. This means not having to keep track of and carry as many different batteries around, all while having to make sure that they’re all charged. In many cases, a cordless combo kit can be less expensive than buying the tools individually.

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Driven by Li-ion batteries, today’s cordless tools deliver efficient power anywhere. Cordless drills with brushless motors are a must-have in your tool kit.

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Learn about the three types of taps and their applications.

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How to Sharpen Wire Cutters or Find a Pair that Works

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Need to know when it’s time to sharpen your wire cutters? If you’re asking yourself this, there’s a good chance that yours are already becoming less and less effective.

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There are a few tools you’ll need to begin working with wires. Most of these tools are considered pliers, which are tools that help you bend, strip, and cut wire.

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Circular saws are distinguished by round-shaped blades that have the ability to cut through many different material types, including metal, wood, cement block, brick, fiberglass, and slate.

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Wire connectors are available in a variety of colors, materials, shapes, and sizes.

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Wire connectors, or wire nuts as they're often referred to, are covers that are used to fasten two electrical wires together. Unlike a lot of electrical wiring projects, working with and using electrical wire connectors is easy for DIY amateur electricians and requires very few tools.

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Wire connectors, or wire nuts as they're often referred to, are covers that are used to fasten two electrical wires together. These handy little connectors prevent live wires from becoming exposed or touching metal surfaces, which could cause a dangerous fault or short circuit.

Wire connectors are available in a variety of colors, materials, shapes, and sizes. Some of the most popular wire connectors are the twist-on, push-on, and crimp-on styles. Unlike a lot of electrical wiring projects, working with and using electrical wire connectors is easy for DIY amateur electricians and requires very few tools. As with any electrical project and when using wire connectors, be sure the electricity is shut off to the circuit you'll be working with.

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In addition to making sure the electricity is turned off, it's important to select the correct size wire connector for your job. After the connectors are put in place and the electricity is switched back on, the current will obviously reflow through the wires, as well as the connectors, where it will meet with a mild resistance in its flow. This resistance will cause the wires to slightly heat up, causing them to expand. Conversely, when the current flow is stopped, the wires will cool and contract. If the wrong size connector is used, it could pop off when the wires heat and expand or fall off when they cool and contract. This will leave you with exposed wiring, which could lead to big problems. To avoid this issue, be sure the connector being used is rated for the wires it's connecting.

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These are available with external grooves or with wings for easy handling and are typically twisted on by hand. To use, strip the two wires to be connected about ½" from the end. Align side-by-side and twist together the stripped area of the wires, slide the connecter over the two wires, and twist it clockwise to make the connection. They are held in place by interior grooves or a tapered coiled metal spring inside the connector, which threads onto the joined wires to hold them tightly together. If you need to remove the connector, simply twist it counter-clockwise until it comes loose.

Twist-on connectors are commonly color-coded to indicate the size or capacity of the connector. Easy to twist on and off if necessary, they're often used in electrical wiring systems for light switches, ceiling fans, electrical receptacles or outlets, security systems, HVAC, and more. Twist-on connectors, however, aren't typically used on wiring thicker than AWG #10, as solid wire like this is too stiff to be used with this type of connector.

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These connectors are for use with solid wire only, as stranded wire will not connect securely in the ports of the connector. As the name suggests, the connection is made by pushing the solid wire into the connector until it sits tightly in place. Start by using a wire stripper or crimper to remove about ½" of the wire's insulation. Now simply push the stripped wire into one of the ports (these connectors are available with anywhere from 2 to 4 ports depending on your wiring requirements). Be sure the wire is inserted deep enough into the connector so that if you give it a good tug it won't easily come back out.

Push-in connectors have a clear shell allowing you to see if the connection was made tightly. Additionally, the clear shell makes it easier to spot a loose connection during repairs, and because of its small size, they fit easily within junction boxes. To remove a wire from a reusable push-in connector, simply hold the connector in one hand and, using a slight twisting motion, pull the wire away from the connector with your other hand.

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Typically made of steel or copper, crimp-on wire connectors require a crimping tool to make the correct connection. To use, strip the wires to be connected, align them alongside each other, and then twist the two ends together. Now, slide the crimp-on wire connector over the wires and use the crimping tool to ensure a tight, secure connection.

Since these connectors are firmly crimped in place, the connection is designed to be permanent, unlike the twist-on or push-in connectors. If a change needs to be made to the wiring or the crimp-on wire connectors do need to be removed, they would have to be completely cut off using a wire cutter.

While they're easy to use and small in size, electrical wire connectors can provide a big assist when it comes to ensuring your wiring job is done correctly and safely.

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Give our easy-to-use wire connectors a try and you'll be able to complete your DIY wiring project in no time!

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Regardless of whether the job you're on is big or small, a capable wire cutter is a good tool to have on hand.

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How to Dig a Trench for Underground Electrical Wires

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There are a few things you’ll want to take care of before you even begin to gather your tools for this project.

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Zoro's Editorial Staff

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As the technology in Li-ion batteries improves, so does the ability to work anywhere with cordless tools. No outlet? No problem. Charge your Li-ion batteries and take them to the jobsite. Many tools come in cordless versions, including cordless drills, saws, impact wrenches, grinders and more. The best part? These cordless tools can be as powerful as their plugged-in counterparts, so you don’t have to sacrifice performance.

Cordless Tool Considerations

When choosing a cordless drill or other cordless tool, there are a few things to think about.

What will you be doing with the cordless tool? Drilling? Driving screws? Grinding or sharpening? Or a little bit of everything? Tools are specialized so they do one or two things very well. If you have several different jobs your tools need to accomplish, a combo kit with interchangeable batteries might be your best bet.

Where will you be using the tool? Indoor or outdoor? At home or at a jobsite? Occasional contractor jobs or in an industrial setting? The place you use the cordless tool will help determine what features you’ll find most important.

How often will you use it? A light-duty cordless tool is fine for occasional home use, while medium- and heavy-duty tools will stand up to regular, repeated use on the job.

Power

Cordless tools run on rechargeable batteries. The most common batteries today are lithium-ion (Li-ion), though some tools still run on nickel-cadmium (NiCad) or nickel-metal hydride (NiMH). Of these, which cordless power tool battery lasts the longest, and which delivers the most power?

Lithium-ion batteries are the newest batteries on the market, used in most cordless tools. They are lighter and smaller than other types of batteries, charge faster, and discharge slowly. They can be charged many times without wearing out and don’t suffer from a “memory effect,” meaning they can be charged any time without losing much capacity. They work in a wide range of temperatures.

Nickel-cadmium batteries come from tried-and-true technology, having been around for many years. NiCad batteries are cheaper than other options. Like Li-ion batteries, NiCad batteries can work in a wide temperature range and tolerate many recharge cycles. However, they lose charge when not in use and have a “memory effect.” If a NiCad battery is not fully discharged before recharging, it can quickly lose its ability to store energy.

Nickel-metal hydride batteries. Rank these in between Li-ion and NiCad batteries, as they can have a higher capacity than NiCad batteries but lower capacity than Li-ion batteries. Like NiCad batteries, they discharge quickly even in storage.

Two key things to watch for in cordless tool batteries:

Voltage (V) | Ampere-hours (Ah)

How much power the battery can deliver

How much charge the battery can hold

The greater the voltage, the more powerful the tool can be, but added power means added weight.

In general, the greater the Ah, the longer a tool can run before recharging.

Additional Cordless Tool Considerations

Brushless Motors

Brushless motors are found on many cordless power tools. What’s so great about them? Brushless motors are more efficient and have better durability. Brushless motors cost more, but longer runtimes, greater power, and less maintenance make them worth seeking out.

Size

Drills and impact drivers come with different size chucks, which is the part of the drill or driver that holds the bit. The chuck size is the largest bit shank that will fit in the drill. Drills and drivers come in three sizes: ¼", ⅜" and ½". For light-duty jobs a ¼" chuck will suffice. A ⅜" chuck will accept more bit sizes and has a broader range of uses. A ½" drill or driver will accept the greatest number of bit sizes, making it most useful for heavy-duty needs.

Speed

Many cordless power tools, especially drills, have variable speeds with an adjustable clutch. This lets you use different bits for different jobs, such as drilling through harder or softer materials. The rotational force of a bit is called torque. High speeds and low torque work well on wood and plastic, and when using smaller-diameter bits. Lower speeds with high torque deliver more power but lower speeds, better for driving screws and drilling through harder materials, such as metal and masonry. The tool’s trigger controls the speed while the clutch is set to the desired torque level. If the clutch is properly adjusted on a driver, it prevents screws from being set too deep and being stripped.

The 6 Essential Cordless Tools

Cordless Drill

Of all the cordless tools available, the cordless drill is the most essential. A keyless chuck can take drill bits, driver bits, hole saws, sanders, and many more. Its ability to do so many different things, in large jobs or small, makes a cordless drill indispensable.

Cordless Impact Driver

If you already have a cordless drill, why get a cordless driver? The simple answer: a driver can deliver more torque. Instead of a steady rotating motion, an impact driver delivers short bursts of power. An impact driver will outperform a cordless drill when driving screws. That’s all it does. But it does it well.

Cordless Impact Wrench

Impact wrenches have traditionally been pneumatic, powered by air. This meant being attached to an air compressor and long hose that would get in the way of your work. With a cordless impact wrench in your shop’s tool selection, you can drive nuts, bolts, and screws with incredible amounts of torque anywhere.

Cordless Reciprocating Saw

A reciprocating saw is a great all-around utility saw, able to make both straight and curved cuts through metal, wood, plastic, PVC, and more. Whether used for demolition, plumbing, framing, and many other commercial projects, a cordless saw can cut nearly anywhere without you worrying about tripping over cords or accidentally unplugging it.

Cordless Angle Grinder

Cutting, grinding, sanding, buffing, sharpening, polishing, carving, and planing can all be done anywhere with a cordless angle grinder. At home in a metal shop, construction site, auto body shops, and other commercial sites, a cordless angle grinder can replace many different tools via many different attachments. If you’re moving from place to place and jobsite to jobsite, a cordless version saves time by not having to constantly run a power cord.

Cordless Combination Kit

If you need several different tools at a jobsite, a cordless combination kit can be of great value both literally and figuratively. With two or more tools running on the same battery system, you can share batteries among the various tools. This means not having to keep track of and carry as many different batteries around, all while having to make sure that they’re all charged. In many cases, a cordless combo kit can be less expensive than buying the tools individually.

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Driven by Li-ion batteries, today’s cordless tools deliver efficient power anywhere. Cordless drills with brushless motors are a must-have in your tool kit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Learn about the three types of taps and their applications.

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How to Sharpen Wire Cutters or Find a Pair that Works

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Need to know when it’s time to sharpen your wire cutters? If you’re asking yourself this, there’s a good chance that yours are already becoming less and less effective.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
There are a few tools you’ll need to begin working with wires. Most of these tools are considered pliers, which are tools that help you bend, strip, and cut wire.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Circular saws are distinguished by round-shaped blades that have the ability to cut through many different material types, including metal, wood, cement block, brick, fiberglass, and slate.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Wire connectors are available in a variety of colors, materials, shapes, and sizes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Wire connectors, or wire nuts as they're often referred to, are covers that are used to fasten two electrical wires together. Unlike a lot of electrical wiring projects, working with and using electrical wire connectors is easy for DIY amateur electricians and requires very few tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].summary
Visit here before you buy! We’ve researched, compared, and compiled the data on tons of products so you don’t have to.

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Visit here before you buy! We’ve researched, compared, and compiled the data on tons of products so you don’t have to.

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Today’s cordless tools are as capable and powerful as their corded counterparts, and can go anywhere the job is—no outlet necessary. This article explains why versatility and convenience make cordless tools a must-have in your company’s tool arsenal.

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As the technology in Li-ion batteries improves, so does the ability to work anywhere with cordless tools. No outlet? No problem. Charge your Li-ion batteries and take them to the jobsite. Many tools come in cordless versions, including cordless drills, saws, impact wrenches, grinders and more. The best part? These cordless tools can be as powerful as their plugged-in counterparts, so you don’t have to sacrifice performance.

Cordless Tool Considerations

When choosing a cordless drill or other cordless tool, there are a few things to think about.

What will you be doing with the cordless tool? Drilling? Driving screws? Grinding or sharpening? Or a little bit of everything? Tools are specialized so they do one or two things very well. If you have several different jobs your tools need to accomplish, a combo kit with interchangeable batteries might be your best bet.

Where will you be using the tool? Indoor or outdoor? At home or at a jobsite? Occasional contractor jobs or in an industrial setting? The place you use the cordless tool will help determine what features you’ll find most important.

How often will you use it? A light-duty cordless tool is fine for occasional home use, while medium- and heavy-duty tools will stand up to regular, repeated use on the job.

Power

Cordless tools run on rechargeable batteries. The most common batteries today are lithium-ion (Li-ion), though some tools still run on nickel-cadmium (NiCad) or nickel-metal hydride (NiMH). Of these, which cordless power tool battery lasts the longest, and which delivers the most power?

Lithium-ion batteries are the newest batteries on the market, used in most cordless tools. They are lighter and smaller than other types of batteries, charge faster, and discharge slowly. They can be charged many times without wearing out and don’t suffer from a “memory effect,” meaning they can be charged any time without losing much capacity. They work in a wide range of temperatures.

Nickel-cadmium batteries come from tried-and-true technology, having been around for many years. NiCad batteries are cheaper than other options. Like Li-ion batteries, NiCad batteries can work in a wide temperature range and tolerate many recharge cycles. However, they lose charge when not in use and have a “memory effect.” If a NiCad battery is not fully discharged before recharging, it can quickly lose its ability to store energy.

Nickel-metal hydride batteries. Rank these in between Li-ion and NiCad batteries, as they can have a higher capacity than NiCad batteries but lower capacity than Li-ion batteries. Like NiCad batteries, they discharge quickly even in storage.

Two key things to watch for in cordless tool batteries:

Voltage (V) | Ampere-hours (Ah)

How much power the battery can deliver

How much charge the battery can hold

The greater the voltage, the more powerful the tool can be, but added power means added weight.

In general, the greater the Ah, the longer a tool can run before recharging.

Additional Cordless Tool Considerations

Brushless Motors

Brushless motors are found on many cordless power tools. What’s so great about them? Brushless motors are more efficient and have better durability. Brushless motors cost more, but longer runtimes, greater power, and less maintenance make them worth seeking out.

Size

Drills and impact drivers come with different size chucks, which is the part of the drill or driver that holds the bit. The chuck size is the largest bit shank that will fit in the drill. Drills and drivers come in three sizes: ¼", ⅜" and ½". For light-duty jobs a ¼" chuck will suffice. A ⅜" chuck will accept more bit sizes and has a broader range of uses. A ½" drill or driver will accept the greatest number of bit sizes, making it most useful for heavy-duty needs.

Speed

Many cordless power tools, especially drills, have variable speeds with an adjustable clutch. This lets you use different bits for different jobs, such as drilling through harder or softer materials. The rotational force of a bit is called torque. High speeds and low torque work well on wood and plastic, and when using smaller-diameter bits. Lower speeds with high torque deliver more power but lower speeds, better for driving screws and drilling through harder materials, such as metal and masonry. The tool’s trigger controls the speed while the clutch is set to the desired torque level. If the clutch is properly adjusted on a driver, it prevents screws from being set too deep and being stripped.

The 6 Essential Cordless Tools

Cordless Drill

Of all the cordless tools available, the cordless drill is the most essential. A keyless chuck can take drill bits, driver bits, hole saws, sanders, and many more. Its ability to do so many different things, in large jobs or small, makes a cordless drill indispensable.

Cordless Impact Driver

If you already have a cordless drill, why get a cordless driver? The simple answer: a driver can deliver more torque. Instead of a steady rotating motion, an impact driver delivers short bursts of power. An impact driver will outperform a cordless drill when driving screws. That’s all it does. But it does it well.

Cordless Impact Wrench

Impact wrenches have traditionally been pneumatic, powered by air. This meant being attached to an air compressor and long hose that would get in the way of your work. With a cordless impact wrench in your shop’s tool selection, you can drive nuts, bolts, and screws with incredible amounts of torque anywhere.

Cordless Reciprocating Saw

A reciprocating saw is a great all-around utility saw, able to make both straight and curved cuts through metal, wood, plastic, PVC, and more. Whether used for demolition, plumbing, framing, and many other commercial projects, a cordless saw can cut nearly anywhere without you worrying about tripping over cords or accidentally unplugging it.

Cordless Angle Grinder

Cutting, grinding, sanding, buffing, sharpening, polishing, carving, and planing can all be done anywhere with a cordless angle grinder. At home in a metal shop, construction site, auto body shops, and other commercial sites, a cordless angle grinder can replace many different tools via many different attachments. If you’re moving from place to place and jobsite to jobsite, a cordless version saves time by not having to constantly run a power cord.

Cordless Combination Kit

If you need several different tools at a jobsite, a cordless combination kit can be of great value both literally and figuratively. With two or more tools running on the same battery system, you can share batteries among the various tools. This means not having to keep track of and carry as many different batteries around, all while having to make sure that they’re all charged. In many cases, a cordless combo kit can be less expensive than buying the tools individually.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Driven by Li-ion batteries, today’s cordless tools deliver efficient power anywhere. Cordless drills with brushless motors are a must-have in your tool kit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Learn about the three types of taps and their applications.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Sharpen Wire Cutters or Find a Pair that Works

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Need to know when it’s time to sharpen your wire cutters? If you’re asking yourself this, there’s a good chance that yours are already becoming less and less effective.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
There are a few tools you’ll need to begin working with wires. Most of these tools are considered pliers, which are tools that help you bend, strip, and cut wire.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Circular saws are distinguished by round-shaped blades that have the ability to cut through many different material types, including metal, wood, cement block, brick, fiberglass, and slate.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Wire connectors are available in a variety of colors, materials, shapes, and sizes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Wire connectors, or wire nuts as they're often referred to, are covers that are used to fasten two electrical wires together. Unlike a lot of electrical wiring projects, working with and using electrical wire connectors is easy for DIY amateur electricians and requires very few tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Wire connectors, or wire nuts as they're often referred to, are covers that are used to fasten two electrical wires together. These handy little connectors prevent live wires from becoming exposed or touching metal surfaces, which could cause a dangerous fault or short circuit.

Wire connectors are available in a variety of colors, materials, shapes, and sizes. Some of the most popular wire connectors are the twist-on, push-on, and crimp-on styles. Unlike a lot of electrical wiring projects, working with and using electrical wire connectors is easy for DIY amateur electricians and requires very few tools. As with any electrical project and when using wire connectors, be sure the electricity is shut off to the circuit you'll be working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
In addition to making sure the electricity is turned off, it's important to select the correct size wire connector for your job. After the connectors are put in place and the electricity is switched back on, the current will obviously reflow through the wires, as well as the connectors, where it will meet with a mild resistance in its flow. This resistance will cause the wires to slightly heat up, causing them to expand. Conversely, when the current flow is stopped, the wires will cool and contract. If the wrong size connector is used, it could pop off when the wires heat and expand or fall off when they cool and contract. This will leave you with exposed wiring, which could lead to big problems. To avoid this issue, be sure the connector being used is rated for the wires it's connecting.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
These are available with external grooves or with wings for easy handling and are typically twisted on by hand. To use, strip the two wires to be connected about ½" from the end. Align side-by-side and twist together the stripped area of the wires, slide the connecter over the two wires, and twist it clockwise to make the connection. They are held in place by interior grooves or a tapered coiled metal spring inside the connector, which threads onto the joined wires to hold them tightly together. If you need to remove the connector, simply twist it counter-clockwise until it comes loose.

Twist-on connectors are commonly color-coded to indicate the size or capacity of the connector. Easy to twist on and off if necessary, they're often used in electrical wiring systems for light switches, ceiling fans, electrical receptacles or outlets, security systems, HVAC, and more. Twist-on connectors, however, aren't typically used on wiring thicker than AWG #10, as solid wire like this is too stiff to be used with this type of connector.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
These connectors are for use with solid wire only, as stranded wire will not connect securely in the ports of the connector. As the name suggests, the connection is made by pushing the solid wire into the connector until it sits tightly in place. Start by using a wire stripper or crimper to remove about ½" of the wire's insulation. Now simply push the stripped wire into one of the ports (these connectors are available with anywhere from 2 to 4 ports depending on your wiring requirements). Be sure the wire is inserted deep enough into the connector so that if you give it a good tug it won't easily come back out.

Push-in connectors have a clear shell allowing you to see if the connection was made tightly. Additionally, the clear shell makes it easier to spot a loose connection during repairs, and because of its small size, they fit easily within junction boxes. To remove a wire from a reusable push-in connector, simply hold the connector in one hand and, using a slight twisting motion, pull the wire away from the connector with your other hand.

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Typically made of steel or copper, crimp-on wire connectors require a crimping tool to make the correct connection. To use, strip the wires to be connected, align them alongside each other, and then twist the two ends together. Now, slide the crimp-on wire connector over the wires and use the crimping tool to ensure a tight, secure connection.

Since these connectors are firmly crimped in place, the connection is designed to be permanent, unlike the twist-on or push-in connectors. If a change needs to be made to the wiring or the crimp-on wire connectors do need to be removed, they would have to be completely cut off using a wire cutter.

While they're easy to use and small in size, electrical wire connectors can provide a big assist when it comes to ensuring your wiring job is done correctly and safely.

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Give our easy-to-use wire connectors a try and you'll be able to complete your DIY wiring project in no time!

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Regardless of whether the job you're on is big or small, a capable wire cutter is a good tool to have on hand.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Dig a Trench for Underground Electrical Wires

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
There are a few things you’ll want to take care of before you even begin to gather your tools for this project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

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Wire connectors, or wire nuts as they're often referred to, are covers that are used to fasten two electrical wires together. These handy little connectors prevent live wires from becoming exposed or touching metal surfaces, which could cause a dangerous fault or short circuit.

Wire connectors are available in a variety of colors, materials, shapes, and sizes. Some of the most popular wire connectors are the twist-on, push-on, and crimp-on styles. Unlike a lot of electrical wiring projects, working with and using electrical wire connectors is easy for DIY amateur electricians and requires very few tools. As with any electrical project and when using wire connectors, be sure the electricity is shut off to the circuit you'll be working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
In addition to making sure the electricity is turned off, it's important to select the correct size wire connector for your job. After the connectors are put in place and the electricity is switched back on, the current will obviously reflow through the wires, as well as the connectors, where it will meet with a mild resistance in its flow. This resistance will cause the wires to slightly heat up, causing them to expand. Conversely, when the current flow is stopped, the wires will cool and contract. If the wrong size connector is used, it could pop off when the wires heat and expand or fall off when they cool and contract. This will leave you with exposed wiring, which could lead to big problems. To avoid this issue, be sure the connector being used is rated for the wires it's connecting.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
These are available with external grooves or with wings for easy handling and are typically twisted on by hand. To use, strip the two wires to be connected about ½" from the end. Align side-by-side and twist together the stripped area of the wires, slide the connecter over the two wires, and twist it clockwise to make the connection. They are held in place by interior grooves or a tapered coiled metal spring inside the connector, which threads onto the joined wires to hold them tightly together. If you need to remove the connector, simply twist it counter-clockwise until it comes loose.

Twist-on connectors are commonly color-coded to indicate the size or capacity of the connector. Easy to twist on and off if necessary, they're often used in electrical wiring systems for light switches, ceiling fans, electrical receptacles or outlets, security systems, HVAC, and more. Twist-on connectors, however, aren't typically used on wiring thicker than AWG #10, as solid wire like this is too stiff to be used with this type of connector.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
These connectors are for use with solid wire only, as stranded wire will not connect securely in the ports of the connector. As the name suggests, the connection is made by pushing the solid wire into the connector until it sits tightly in place. Start by using a wire stripper or crimper to remove about ½" of the wire's insulation. Now simply push the stripped wire into one of the ports (these connectors are available with anywhere from 2 to 4 ports depending on your wiring requirements). Be sure the wire is inserted deep enough into the connector so that if you give it a good tug it won't easily come back out.

Push-in connectors have a clear shell allowing you to see if the connection was made tightly. Additionally, the clear shell makes it easier to spot a loose connection during repairs, and because of its small size, they fit easily within junction boxes. To remove a wire from a reusable push-in connector, simply hold the connector in one hand and, using a slight twisting motion, pull the wire away from the connector with your other hand.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Typically made of steel or copper, crimp-on wire connectors require a crimping tool to make the correct connection. To use, strip the wires to be connected, align them alongside each other, and then twist the two ends together. Now, slide the crimp-on wire connector over the wires and use the crimping tool to ensure a tight, secure connection.

Since these connectors are firmly crimped in place, the connection is designed to be permanent, unlike the twist-on or push-in connectors. If a change needs to be made to the wiring or the crimp-on wire connectors do need to be removed, they would have to be completely cut off using a wire cutter.

While they're easy to use and small in size, electrical wire connectors can provide a big assist when it comes to ensuring your wiring job is done correctly and safely.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Give our easy-to-use wire connectors a try and you'll be able to complete your DIY wiring project in no time!

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Regardless of whether the job you're on is big or small, a capable wire cutter is a good tool to have on hand.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Dig a Trench for Underground Electrical Wires

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There are a few things you’ll want to take care of before you even begin to gather your tools for this project.

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11/5/19 - Zoro Staff

Cam locks are a type of hardware that offers a simple locking solution, especially popular for use with office furniture such as desk drawers and filing cabinets. These locks secure items that require stowing, and can restrict access for anyone not having a key.

While a cam lock is a locking device, it is not necessarily considered to be a heavy-duty lock. It can, however, hinder the opening of cabinet doors, drawers and panels by persons who do not have the key.

Uses of cam locks

Cam locks are used in:

Office/Medical Buildings: Desk drawers, filing cabinets and supply cabinets
Public Places: Display cases, portable room dividers and mechanical panel covers
Schools: Trophy cases, storage lockers and temporary gates
Cam locks can be installed in different types of materials such as glass, metal and wood.

A Standard Keyed Cam Lock

A Keyless Combination Cam Lock

Types of cam locks

There are different types of cam locks that provide the same function, but have diverse designs for your preference:

Disc cam locks contain keys for locking
Keyless cam locks have dual punch cams, and are frequently referred to as slotted cam locks
Tubular cam locks feature keys, but offer a higher security level than disc cam locks

We also have various other types of sliding door and file cabinet locks and security locks that can offer excellent security benefits.

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Learn about cam locks and how they are used in cabinets, drawers and other applicaions.

# _embedded.documents[].subtitle
These relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay switching functions.

# _embedded.documents[].summary
Time delay relays control the flow of electrical power and can be used to control power to many different types of electrical loads. Combining electromechanical output relay capability with control circuitry, these relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay functions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].summary
Visit here before you buy! We’ve researched, compared, and compiled the data on tons of products so you don’t have to.

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Visit here before you buy! We’ve researched, compared, and compiled the data on tons of products so you don’t have to.

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Today’s cordless tools are as capable and powerful as their corded counterparts, and can go anywhere the job is—no outlet necessary. This article explains why versatility and convenience make cordless tools a must-have in your company’s tool arsenal.

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Visit here before you buy! We’ve researched, compared, and compiled the data on tons of products so you don’t have to.

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Visit here before you buy! We’ve researched, compared, and compiled the data on tons of products so you don’t have to.

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Today’s cordless tools are as capable and powerful as their corded counterparts, and can go anywhere the job is—no outlet necessary. This article explains why versatility and convenience make cordless tools a must-have in your company’s tool arsenal.

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As the technology in Li-ion batteries improves, so does the ability to work anywhere with cordless tools. No outlet? No problem. Charge your Li-ion batteries and take them to the jobsite. Many tools come in cordless versions, including cordless drills, saws, impact wrenches, grinders and more. The best part? These cordless tools can be as powerful as their plugged-in counterparts, so you don’t have to sacrifice performance.

Cordless Tool Considerations

When choosing a cordless drill or other cordless tool, there are a few things to think about.

What will you be doing with the cordless tool? Drilling? Driving screws? Grinding or sharpening? Or a little bit of everything? Tools are specialized so they do one or two things very well. If you have several different jobs your tools need to accomplish, a combo kit with interchangeable batteries might be your best bet.

Where will you be using the tool? Indoor or outdoor? At home or at a jobsite? Occasional contractor jobs or in an industrial setting? The place you use the cordless tool will help determine what features you’ll find most important.

How often will you use it? A light-duty cordless tool is fine for occasional home use, while medium- and heavy-duty tools will stand up to regular, repeated use on the job.

Power

Cordless tools run on rechargeable batteries. The most common batteries today are lithium-ion (Li-ion), though some tools still run on nickel-cadmium (NiCad) or nickel-metal hydride (NiMH). Of these, which cordless power tool battery lasts the longest, and which delivers the most power?

Lithium-ion batteries are the newest batteries on the market, used in most cordless tools. They are lighter and smaller than other types of batteries, charge faster, and discharge slowly. They can be charged many times without wearing out and don’t suffer from a “memory effect,” meaning they can be charged any time without losing much capacity. They work in a wide range of temperatures.

Nickel-cadmium batteries come from tried-and-true technology, having been around for many years. NiCad batteries are cheaper than other options. Like Li-ion batteries, NiCad batteries can work in a wide temperature range and tolerate many recharge cycles. However, they lose charge when not in use and have a “memory effect.” If a NiCad battery is not fully discharged before recharging, it can quickly lose its ability to store energy.

Nickel-metal hydride batteries. Rank these in between Li-ion and NiCad batteries, as they can have a higher capacity than NiCad batteries but lower capacity than Li-ion batteries. Like NiCad batteries, they discharge quickly even in storage.

Two key things to watch for in cordless tool batteries:

Voltage (V) | Ampere-hours (Ah)

How much power the battery can deliver

How much charge the battery can hold

The greater the voltage, the more powerful the tool can be, but added power means added weight.

In general, the greater the Ah, the longer a tool can run before recharging.

Additional Cordless Tool Considerations

Brushless Motors

Brushless motors are found on many cordless power tools. What’s so great about them? Brushless motors are more efficient and have better durability. Brushless motors cost more, but longer runtimes, greater power, and less maintenance make them worth seeking out.

Size

Drills and impact drivers come with different size chucks, which is the part of the drill or driver that holds the bit. The chuck size is the largest bit shank that will fit in the drill. Drills and drivers come in three sizes: ¼", ⅜" and ½". For light-duty jobs a ¼" chuck will suffice. A ⅜" chuck will accept more bit sizes and has a broader range of uses. A ½" drill or driver will accept the greatest number of bit sizes, making it most useful for heavy-duty needs.

Speed

Many cordless power tools, especially drills, have variable speeds with an adjustable clutch. This lets you use different bits for different jobs, such as drilling through harder or softer materials. The rotational force of a bit is called torque. High speeds and low torque work well on wood and plastic, and when using smaller-diameter bits. Lower speeds with high torque deliver more power but lower speeds, better for driving screws and drilling through harder materials, such as metal and masonry. The tool’s trigger controls the speed while the clutch is set to the desired torque level. If the clutch is properly adjusted on a driver, it prevents screws from being set too deep and being stripped.

The 6 Essential Cordless Tools

Cordless Drill

Of all the cordless tools available, the cordless drill is the most essential. A keyless chuck can take drill bits, driver bits, hole saws, sanders, and many more. Its ability to do so many different things, in large jobs or small, makes a cordless drill indispensable.

Cordless Impact Driver

If you already have a cordless drill, why get a cordless driver? The simple answer: a driver can deliver more torque. Instead of a steady rotating motion, an impact driver delivers short bursts of power. An impact driver will outperform a cordless drill when driving screws. That’s all it does. But it does it well.

Cordless Impact Wrench

Impact wrenches have traditionally been pneumatic, powered by air. This meant being attached to an air compressor and long hose that would get in the way of your work. With a cordless impact wrench in your shop’s tool selection, you can drive nuts, bolts, and screws with incredible amounts of torque anywhere.

Cordless Reciprocating Saw

A reciprocating saw is a great all-around utility saw, able to make both straight and curved cuts through metal, wood, plastic, PVC, and more. Whether used for demolition, plumbing, framing, and many other commercial projects, a cordless saw can cut nearly anywhere without you worrying about tripping over cords or accidentally unplugging it.

Cordless Angle Grinder

Cutting, grinding, sanding, buffing, sharpening, polishing, carving, and planing can all be done anywhere with a cordless angle grinder. At home in a metal shop, construction site, auto body shops, and other commercial sites, a cordless angle grinder can replace many different tools via many different attachments. If you’re moving from place to place and jobsite to jobsite, a cordless version saves time by not having to constantly run a power cord.

Cordless Combination Kit

If you need several different tools at a jobsite, a cordless combination kit can be of great value both literally and figuratively. With two or more tools running on the same battery system, you can share batteries among the various tools. This means not having to keep track of and carry as many different batteries around, all while having to make sure that they’re all charged. In many cases, a cordless combo kit can be less expensive than buying the tools individually.

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Driven by Li-ion batteries, today’s cordless tools deliver efficient power anywhere. Cordless drills with brushless motors are a must-have in your tool kit.

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Learn about the three types of taps and their applications.

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How to Sharpen Wire Cutters or Find a Pair that Works

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Need to know when it’s time to sharpen your wire cutters? If you’re asking yourself this, there’s a good chance that yours are already becoming less and less effective.

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There are a few tools you’ll need to begin working with wires. Most of these tools are considered pliers, which are tools that help you bend, strip, and cut wire.

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Circular saws are distinguished by round-shaped blades that have the ability to cut through many different material types, including metal, wood, cement block, brick, fiberglass, and slate.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Wire connectors are available in a variety of colors, materials, shapes, and sizes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Wire connectors, or wire nuts as they're often referred to, are covers that are used to fasten two electrical wires together. Unlike a lot of electrical wiring projects, working with and using electrical wire connectors is easy for DIY amateur electricians and requires very few tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Wire connectors, or wire nuts as they're often referred to, are covers that are used to fasten two electrical wires together. These handy little connectors prevent live wires from becoming exposed or touching metal surfaces, which could cause a dangerous fault or short circuit.

Wire connectors are available in a variety of colors, materials, shapes, and sizes. Some of the most popular wire connectors are the twist-on, push-on, and crimp-on styles. Unlike a lot of electrical wiring projects, working with and using electrical wire connectors is easy for DIY amateur electricians and requires very few tools. As with any electrical project and when using wire connectors, be sure the electricity is shut off to the circuit you'll be working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
In addition to making sure the electricity is turned off, it's important to select the correct size wire connector for your job. After the connectors are put in place and the electricity is switched back on, the current will obviously reflow through the wires, as well as the connectors, where it will meet with a mild resistance in its flow. This resistance will cause the wires to slightly heat up, causing them to expand. Conversely, when the current flow is stopped, the wires will cool and contract. If the wrong size connector is used, it could pop off when the wires heat and expand or fall off when they cool and contract. This will leave you with exposed wiring, which could lead to big problems. To avoid this issue, be sure the connector being used is rated for the wires it's connecting.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
These are available with external grooves or with wings for easy handling and are typically twisted on by hand. To use, strip the two wires to be connected about ½" from the end. Align side-by-side and twist together the stripped area of the wires, slide the connecter over the two wires, and twist it clockwise to make the connection. They are held in place by interior grooves or a tapered coiled metal spring inside the connector, which threads onto the joined wires to hold them tightly together. If you need to remove the connector, simply twist it counter-clockwise until it comes loose.

Twist-on connectors are commonly color-coded to indicate the size or capacity of the connector. Easy to twist on and off if necessary, they're often used in electrical wiring systems for light switches, ceiling fans, electrical receptacles or outlets, security systems, HVAC, and more. Twist-on connectors, however, aren't typically used on wiring thicker than AWG #10, as solid wire like this is too stiff to be used with this type of connector.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
These connectors are for use with solid wire only, as stranded wire will not connect securely in the ports of the connector. As the name suggests, the connection is made by pushing the solid wire into the connector until it sits tightly in place. Start by using a wire stripper or crimper to remove about ½" of the wire's insulation. Now simply push the stripped wire into one of the ports (these connectors are available with anywhere from 2 to 4 ports depending on your wiring requirements). Be sure the wire is inserted deep enough into the connector so that if you give it a good tug it won't easily come back out.

Push-in connectors have a clear shell allowing you to see if the connection was made tightly. Additionally, the clear shell makes it easier to spot a loose connection during repairs, and because of its small size, they fit easily within junction boxes. To remove a wire from a reusable push-in connector, simply hold the connector in one hand and, using a slight twisting motion, pull the wire away from the connector with your other hand.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Typically made of steel or copper, crimp-on wire connectors require a crimping tool to make the correct connection. To use, strip the wires to be connected, align them alongside each other, and then twist the two ends together. Now, slide the crimp-on wire connector over the wires and use the crimping tool to ensure a tight, secure connection.

Since these connectors are firmly crimped in place, the connection is designed to be permanent, unlike the twist-on or push-in connectors. If a change needs to be made to the wiring or the crimp-on wire connectors do need to be removed, they would have to be completely cut off using a wire cutter.

While they're easy to use and small in size, electrical wire connectors can provide a big assist when it comes to ensuring your wiring job is done correctly and safely.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Give our easy-to-use wire connectors a try and you'll be able to complete your DIY wiring project in no time!

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Regardless of whether the job you're on is big or small, a capable wire cutter is a good tool to have on hand.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Dig a Trench for Underground Electrical Wires

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
There are a few things you’ll want to take care of before you even begin to gather your tools for this project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
As the technology in Li-ion batteries improves, so does the ability to work anywhere with cordless tools. No outlet? No problem. Charge your Li-ion batteries and take them to the jobsite. Many tools come in cordless versions, including cordless drills, saws, impact wrenches, grinders and more. The best part? These cordless tools can be as powerful as their plugged-in counterparts, so you don’t have to sacrifice performance.

Cordless Tool Considerations

When choosing a cordless drill or other cordless tool, there are a few things to think about.

What will you be doing with the cordless tool? Drilling? Driving screws? Grinding or sharpening? Or a little bit of everything? Tools are specialized so they do one or two things very well. If you have several different jobs your tools need to accomplish, a combo kit with interchangeable batteries might be your best bet.

Where will you be using the tool? Indoor or outdoor? At home or at a jobsite? Occasional contractor jobs or in an industrial setting? The place you use the cordless tool will help determine what features you’ll find most important.

How often will you use it? A light-duty cordless tool is fine for occasional home use, while medium- and heavy-duty tools will stand up to regular, repeated use on the job.

Power

Cordless tools run on rechargeable batteries. The most common batteries today are lithium-ion (Li-ion), though some tools still run on nickel-cadmium (NiCad) or nickel-metal hydride (NiMH). Of these, which cordless power tool battery lasts the longest, and which delivers the most power?

Lithium-ion batteries are the newest batteries on the market, used in most cordless tools. They are lighter and smaller than other types of batteries, charge faster, and discharge slowly. They can be charged many times without wearing out and don’t suffer from a “memory effect,” meaning they can be charged any time without losing much capacity. They work in a wide range of temperatures.

Nickel-cadmium batteries come from tried-and-true technology, having been around for many years. NiCad batteries are cheaper than other options. Like Li-ion batteries, NiCad batteries can work in a wide temperature range and tolerate many recharge cycles. However, they lose charge when not in use and have a “memory effect.” If a NiCad battery is not fully discharged before recharging, it can quickly lose its ability to store energy.

Nickel-metal hydride batteries. Rank these in between Li-ion and NiCad batteries, as they can have a higher capacity than NiCad batteries but lower capacity than Li-ion batteries. Like NiCad batteries, they discharge quickly even in storage.

Two key things to watch for in cordless tool batteries:

Voltage (V) | Ampere-hours (Ah)

How much power the battery can deliver

How much charge the battery can hold

The greater the voltage, the more powerful the tool can be, but added power means added weight.

In general, the greater the Ah, the longer a tool can run before recharging.

Additional Cordless Tool Considerations

Brushless Motors

Brushless motors are found on many cordless power tools. What’s so great about them? Brushless motors are more efficient and have better durability. Brushless motors cost more, but longer runtimes, greater power, and less maintenance make them worth seeking out.

Size

Drills and impact drivers come with different size chucks, which is the part of the drill or driver that holds the bit. The chuck size is the largest bit shank that will fit in the drill. Drills and drivers come in three sizes: ¼", ⅜" and ½". For light-duty jobs a ¼" chuck will suffice. A ⅜" chuck will accept more bit sizes and has a broader range of uses. A ½" drill or driver will accept the greatest number of bit sizes, making it most useful for heavy-duty needs.

Speed

Many cordless power tools, especially drills, have variable speeds with an adjustable clutch. This lets you use different bits for different jobs, such as drilling through harder or softer materials. The rotational force of a bit is called torque. High speeds and low torque work well on wood and plastic, and when using smaller-diameter bits. Lower speeds with high torque deliver more power but lower speeds, better for driving screws and drilling through harder materials, such as metal and masonry. The tool’s trigger controls the speed while the clutch is set to the desired torque level. If the clutch is properly adjusted on a driver, it prevents screws from being set too deep and being stripped.

The 6 Essential Cordless Tools

Cordless Drill

Of all the cordless tools available, the cordless drill is the most essential. A keyless chuck can take drill bits, driver bits, hole saws, sanders, and many more. Its ability to do so many different things, in large jobs or small, makes a cordless drill indispensable.

Cordless Impact Driver

If you already have a cordless drill, why get a cordless driver? The simple answer: a driver can deliver more torque. Instead of a steady rotating motion, an impact driver delivers short bursts of power. An impact driver will outperform a cordless drill when driving screws. That’s all it does. But it does it well.

Cordless Impact Wrench

Impact wrenches have traditionally been pneumatic, powered by air. This meant being attached to an air compressor and long hose that would get in the way of your work. With a cordless impact wrench in your shop’s tool selection, you can drive nuts, bolts, and screws with incredible amounts of torque anywhere.

Cordless Reciprocating Saw

A reciprocating saw is a great all-around utility saw, able to make both straight and curved cuts through metal, wood, plastic, PVC, and more. Whether used for demolition, plumbing, framing, and many other commercial projects, a cordless saw can cut nearly anywhere without you worrying about tripping over cords or accidentally unplugging it.

Cordless Angle Grinder

Cutting, grinding, sanding, buffing, sharpening, polishing, carving, and planing can all be done anywhere with a cordless angle grinder. At home in a metal shop, construction site, auto body shops, and other commercial sites, a cordless angle grinder can replace many different tools via many different attachments. If you’re moving from place to place and jobsite to jobsite, a cordless version saves time by not having to constantly run a power cord.

Cordless Combination Kit

If you need several different tools at a jobsite, a cordless combination kit can be of great value both literally and figuratively. With two or more tools running on the same battery system, you can share batteries among the various tools. This means not having to keep track of and carry as many different batteries around, all while having to make sure that they’re all charged. In many cases, a cordless combo kit can be less expensive than buying the tools individually.

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Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Driven by Li-ion batteries, today’s cordless tools deliver efficient power anywhere. Cordless drills with brushless motors are a must-have in your tool kit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Learn about the three types of taps and their applications.

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How to Sharpen Wire Cutters or Find a Pair that Works

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Need to know when it’s time to sharpen your wire cutters? If you’re asking yourself this, there’s a good chance that yours are already becoming less and less effective.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
There are a few tools you’ll need to begin working with wires. Most of these tools are considered pliers, which are tools that help you bend, strip, and cut wire.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Circular saws are distinguished by round-shaped blades that have the ability to cut through many different material types, including metal, wood, cement block, brick, fiberglass, and slate.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Wire connectors are available in a variety of colors, materials, shapes, and sizes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Wire connectors, or wire nuts as they're often referred to, are covers that are used to fasten two electrical wires together. Unlike a lot of electrical wiring projects, working with and using electrical wire connectors is easy for DIY amateur electricians and requires very few tools.

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Visit here before you buy! We’ve researched, compared, and compiled the data on tons of products so you don’t have to.

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Visit here before you buy! We’ve researched, compared, and compiled the data on tons of products so you don’t have to.

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Today’s cordless tools are as capable and powerful as their corded counterparts, and can go anywhere the job is—no outlet necessary. This article explains why versatility and convenience make cordless tools a must-have in your company’s tool arsenal.

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As the technology in Li-ion batteries improves, so does the ability to work anywhere with cordless tools. No outlet? No problem. Charge your Li-ion batteries and take them to the jobsite. Many tools come in cordless versions, including cordless drills, saws, impact wrenches, grinders and more. The best part? These cordless tools can be as powerful as their plugged-in counterparts, so you don’t have to sacrifice performance.

Cordless Tool Considerations

When choosing a cordless drill or other cordless tool, there are a few things to think about.

What will you be doing with the cordless tool? Drilling? Driving screws? Grinding or sharpening? Or a little bit of everything? Tools are specialized so they do one or two things very well. If you have several different jobs your tools need to accomplish, a combo kit with interchangeable batteries might be your best bet.

Where will you be using the tool? Indoor or outdoor? At home or at a jobsite? Occasional contractor jobs or in an industrial setting? The place you use the cordless tool will help determine what features you’ll find most important.

How often will you use it? A light-duty cordless tool is fine for occasional home use, while medium- and heavy-duty tools will stand up to regular, repeated use on the job.

Power

Cordless tools run on rechargeable batteries. The most common batteries today are lithium-ion (Li-ion), though some tools still run on nickel-cadmium (NiCad) or nickel-metal hydride (NiMH). Of these, which cordless power tool battery lasts the longest, and which delivers the most power?

Lithium-ion batteries are the newest batteries on the market, used in most cordless tools. They are lighter and smaller than other types of batteries, charge faster, and discharge slowly. They can be charged many times without wearing out and don’t suffer from a “memory effect,” meaning they can be charged any time without losing much capacity. They work in a wide range of temperatures.

Nickel-cadmium batteries come from tried-and-true technology, having been around for many years. NiCad batteries are cheaper than other options. Like Li-ion batteries, NiCad batteries can work in a wide temperature range and tolerate many recharge cycles. However, they lose charge when not in use and have a “memory effect.” If a NiCad battery is not fully discharged before recharging, it can quickly lose its ability to store energy.

Nickel-metal hydride batteries. Rank these in between Li-ion and NiCad batteries, as they can have a higher capacity than NiCad batteries but lower capacity than Li-ion batteries. Like NiCad batteries, they discharge quickly even in storage.

Two key things to watch for in cordless tool batteries:

Voltage (V) | Ampere-hours (Ah)

How much power the battery can deliver

How much charge the battery can hold

The greater the voltage, the more powerful the tool can be, but added power means added weight.

In general, the greater the Ah, the longer a tool can run before recharging.

Additional Cordless Tool Considerations

Brushless Motors

Brushless motors are found on many cordless power tools. What’s so great about them? Brushless motors are more efficient and have better durability. Brushless motors cost more, but longer runtimes, greater power, and less maintenance make them worth seeking out.

Size

Drills and impact drivers come with different size chucks, which is the part of the drill or driver that holds the bit. The chuck size is the largest bit shank that will fit in the drill. Drills and drivers come in three sizes: ¼", ⅜" and ½". For light-duty jobs a ¼" chuck will suffice. A ⅜" chuck will accept more bit sizes and has a broader range of uses. A ½" drill or driver will accept the greatest number of bit sizes, making it most useful for heavy-duty needs.

Speed

Many cordless power tools, especially drills, have variable speeds with an adjustable clutch. This lets you use different bits for different jobs, such as drilling through harder or softer materials. The rotational force of a bit is called torque. High speeds and low torque work well on wood and plastic, and when using smaller-diameter bits. Lower speeds with high torque deliver more power but lower speeds, better for driving screws and drilling through harder materials, such as metal and masonry. The tool’s trigger controls the speed while the clutch is set to the desired torque level. If the clutch is properly adjusted on a driver, it prevents screws from being set too deep and being stripped.

The 6 Essential Cordless Tools

Cordless Drill

Of all the cordless tools available, the cordless drill is the most essential. A keyless chuck can take drill bits, driver bits, hole saws, sanders, and many more. Its ability to do so many different things, in large jobs or small, makes a cordless drill indispensable.

Cordless Impact Driver

If you already have a cordless drill, why get a cordless driver? The simple answer: a driver can deliver more torque. Instead of a steady rotating motion, an impact driver delivers short bursts of power. An impact driver will outperform a cordless drill when driving screws. That’s all it does. But it does it well.

Cordless Impact Wrench

Impact wrenches have traditionally been pneumatic, powered by air. This meant being attached to an air compressor and long hose that would get in the way of your work. With a cordless impact wrench in your shop’s tool selection, you can drive nuts, bolts, and screws with incredible amounts of torque anywhere.

Cordless Reciprocating Saw

A reciprocating saw is a great all-around utility saw, able to make both straight and curved cuts through metal, wood, plastic, PVC, and more. Whether used for demolition, plumbing, framing, and many other commercial projects, a cordless saw can cut nearly anywhere without you worrying about tripping over cords or accidentally unplugging it.

Cordless Angle Grinder

Cutting, grinding, sanding, buffing, sharpening, polishing, carving, and planing can all be done anywhere with a cordless angle grinder. At home in a metal shop, construction site, auto body shops, and other commercial sites, a cordless angle grinder can replace many different tools via many different attachments. If you’re moving from place to place and jobsite to jobsite, a cordless version saves time by not having to constantly run a power cord.

Cordless Combination Kit

If you need several different tools at a jobsite, a cordless combination kit can be of great value both literally and figuratively. With two or more tools running on the same battery system, you can share batteries among the various tools. This means not having to keep track of and carry as many different batteries around, all while having to make sure that they’re all charged. In many cases, a cordless combo kit can be less expensive than buying the tools individually.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Product Compliance and Suitability

The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness, or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand, and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Driven by Li-ion batteries, today’s cordless tools deliver efficient power anywhere. Cordless drills with brushless motors are a must-have in your tool kit.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Learn about the three types of taps and their applications.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Sharpen Wire Cutters or Find a Pair that Works

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Need to know when it’s time to sharpen your wire cutters? If you’re asking yourself this, there’s a good chance that yours are already becoming less and less effective.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
There are a few tools you’ll need to begin working with wires. Most of these tools are considered pliers, which are tools that help you bend, strip, and cut wire.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Circular saws are distinguished by round-shaped blades that have the ability to cut through many different material types, including metal, wood, cement block, brick, fiberglass, and slate.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].subtitle
Wire connectors are available in a variety of colors, materials, shapes, and sizes.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].summary
Wire connectors, or wire nuts as they're often referred to, are covers that are used to fasten two electrical wires together. Unlike a lot of electrical wiring projects, working with and using electrical wire connectors is easy for DIY amateur electricians and requires very few tools.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Wire connectors, or wire nuts as they're often referred to, are covers that are used to fasten two electrical wires together. These handy little connectors prevent live wires from becoming exposed or touching metal surfaces, which could cause a dangerous fault or short circuit.

Wire connectors are available in a variety of colors, materials, shapes, and sizes. Some of the most popular wire connectors are the twist-on, push-on, and crimp-on styles. Unlike a lot of electrical wiring projects, working with and using electrical wire connectors is easy for DIY amateur electricians and requires very few tools. As with any electrical project and when using wire connectors, be sure the electricity is shut off to the circuit you'll be working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
In addition to making sure the electricity is turned off, it's important to select the correct size wire connector for your job. After the connectors are put in place and the electricity is switched back on, the current will obviously reflow through the wires, as well as the connectors, where it will meet with a mild resistance in its flow. This resistance will cause the wires to slightly heat up, causing them to expand. Conversely, when the current flow is stopped, the wires will cool and contract. If the wrong size connector is used, it could pop off when the wires heat and expand or fall off when they cool and contract. This will leave you with exposed wiring, which could lead to big problems. To avoid this issue, be sure the connector being used is rated for the wires it's connecting.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
These are available with external grooves or with wings for easy handling and are typically twisted on by hand. To use, strip the two wires to be connected about ½" from the end. Align side-by-side and twist together the stripped area of the wires, slide the connecter over the two wires, and twist it clockwise to make the connection. They are held in place by interior grooves or a tapered coiled metal spring inside the connector, which threads onto the joined wires to hold them tightly together. If you need to remove the connector, simply twist it counter-clockwise until it comes loose.

Twist-on connectors are commonly color-coded to indicate the size or capacity of the connector. Easy to twist on and off if necessary, they're often used in electrical wiring systems for light switches, ceiling fans, electrical receptacles or outlets, security systems, HVAC, and more. Twist-on connectors, however, aren't typically used on wiring thicker than AWG #10, as solid wire like this is too stiff to be used with this type of connector.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
These connectors are for use with solid wire only, as stranded wire will not connect securely in the ports of the connector. As the name suggests, the connection is made by pushing the solid wire into the connector until it sits tightly in place. Start by using a wire stripper or crimper to remove about ½" of the wire's insulation. Now simply push the stripped wire into one of the ports (these connectors are available with anywhere from 2 to 4 ports depending on your wiring requirements). Be sure the wire is inserted deep enough into the connector so that if you give it a good tug it won't easily come back out.

Push-in connectors have a clear shell allowing you to see if the connection was made tightly. Additionally, the clear shell makes it easier to spot a loose connection during repairs, and because of its small size, they fit easily within junction boxes. To remove a wire from a reusable push-in connector, simply hold the connector in one hand and, using a slight twisting motion, pull the wire away from the connector with your other hand.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Typically made of steel or copper, crimp-on wire connectors require a crimping tool to make the correct connection. To use, strip the wires to be connected, align them alongside each other, and then twist the two ends together. Now, slide the crimp-on wire connector over the wires and use the crimping tool to ensure a tight, secure connection.

Since these connectors are firmly crimped in place, the connection is designed to be permanent, unlike the twist-on or push-in connectors. If a change needs to be made to the wiring or the crimp-on wire connectors do need to be removed, they would have to be completely cut off using a wire cutter.

While they're easy to use and small in size, electrical wire connectors can provide a big assist when it comes to ensuring your wiring job is done correctly and safely.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Give our easy-to-use wire connectors a try and you'll be able to complete your DIY wiring project in no time!

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Regardless of whether the job you're on is big or small, a capable wire cutter is a good tool to have on hand.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Dig a Trench for Underground Electrical Wires

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
There are a few things you’ll want to take care of before you even begin to gather your tools for this project.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Wire connectors, or wire nuts as they're often referred to, are covers that are used to fasten two electrical wires together. These handy little connectors prevent live wires from becoming exposed or touching metal surfaces, which could cause a dangerous fault or short circuit.

Wire connectors are available in a variety of colors, materials, shapes, and sizes. Some of the most popular wire connectors are the twist-on, push-on, and crimp-on styles. Unlike a lot of electrical wiring projects, working with and using electrical wire connectors is easy for DIY amateur electricians and requires very few tools. As with any electrical project and when using wire connectors, be sure the electricity is shut off to the circuit you'll be working with.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
In addition to making sure the electricity is turned off, it's important to select the correct size wire connector for your job. After the connectors are put in place and the electricity is switched back on, the current will obviously reflow through the wires, as well as the connectors, where it will meet with a mild resistance in its flow. This resistance will cause the wires to slightly heat up, causing them to expand. Conversely, when the current flow is stopped, the wires will cool and contract. If the wrong size connector is used, it could pop off when the wires heat and expand or fall off when they cool and contract. This will leave you with exposed wiring, which could lead to big problems. To avoid this issue, be sure the connector being used is rated for the wires it's connecting.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
These are available with external grooves or with wings for easy handling and are typically twisted on by hand. To use, strip the two wires to be connected about ½" from the end. Align side-by-side and twist together the stripped area of the wires, slide the connecter over the two wires, and twist it clockwise to make the connection. They are held in place by interior grooves or a tapered coiled metal spring inside the connector, which threads onto the joined wires to hold them tightly together. If you need to remove the connector, simply twist it counter-clockwise until it comes loose.

Twist-on connectors are commonly color-coded to indicate the size or capacity of the connector. Easy to twist on and off if necessary, they're often used in electrical wiring systems for light switches, ceiling fans, electrical receptacles or outlets, security systems, HVAC, and more. Twist-on connectors, however, aren't typically used on wiring thicker than AWG #10, as solid wire like this is too stiff to be used with this type of connector.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
These connectors are for use with solid wire only, as stranded wire will not connect securely in the ports of the connector. As the name suggests, the connection is made by pushing the solid wire into the connector until it sits tightly in place. Start by using a wire stripper or crimper to remove about ½" of the wire's insulation. Now simply push the stripped wire into one of the ports (these connectors are available with anywhere from 2 to 4 ports depending on your wiring requirements). Be sure the wire is inserted deep enough into the connector so that if you give it a good tug it won't easily come back out.

Push-in connectors have a clear shell allowing you to see if the connection was made tightly. Additionally, the clear shell makes it easier to spot a loose connection during repairs, and because of its small size, they fit easily within junction boxes. To remove a wire from a reusable push-in connector, simply hold the connector in one hand and, using a slight twisting motion, pull the wire away from the connector with your other hand.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Typically made of steel or copper, crimp-on wire connectors require a crimping tool to make the correct connection. To use, strip the wires to be connected, align them alongside each other, and then twist the two ends together. Now, slide the crimp-on wire connector over the wires and use the crimping tool to ensure a tight, secure connection.

Since these connectors are firmly crimped in place, the connection is designed to be permanent, unlike the twist-on or push-in connectors. If a change needs to be made to the wiring or the crimp-on wire connectors do need to be removed, they would have to be completely cut off using a wire cutter.

While they're easy to use and small in size, electrical wire connectors can provide a big assist when it comes to ensuring your wiring job is done correctly and safely.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].copyBlocks[].body.content
The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].SeoBlock.metaDescription
Give our easy-to-use wire connectors a try and you'll be able to complete your DIY wiring project in no time!

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
Regardless of whether the job you're on is big or small, a capable wire cutter is a good tool to have on hand.

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].title
How to Dig a Trench for Underground Electrical Wires

# _embedded.documents[].articleTheme[].trendingGuides[].RelatedLinks[].subtitle
There are a few things you’ll want to take care of before you even begin to gather your tools for this project.

# _embedded.documents[].author[].bio
Zoro's Editorial Staff

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Time delay relays control the flow of electrical power and can be used to control power to many different types of electrical loads. Combining electromechanical output relay capability with control circuitry, these relays are pre-engineered to perform up to eleven time delay functions. Here is how they work and the types of functions they can perform.

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].body.content
All time delay relays perform eleven specific functions. These are standardized across brands. The desired function is selected via the turn of a knob or through some other interface. At the preset time, a signal from the control circuit is fed into the relay, starting the relay function. The electrical power at the power input of the relay is then switched to output.

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].title
What Specific Functions Do Time Delay Relays Perform?

# _embedded.documents[].copyBlocks[].body.content
Description of Time Delay Operation Functions

1. ON DELAY:

When power is applied to the coil, the ON DELAY timing period begins and the contacts do not transfer at this time. At the end of the ON DELAY time period the contacts transfer, either connecting (normally open contacts) or disconnecting (normally closed contacts) the load. The contacts stay in the transferred state until power is removed from the coil. They then return to their original state and the unit is ready for a new cycle.

On delay relays

2. OFF DELAY I:

Power is applied to the coil at all times. Upon closure of the start switch (a "dry" external contact), the contacts transfer, either connecting (normally open contacts) or disconnecting (normally closed contacts) the load. When the start switch is opened, the OFF DELAY timing period begins and the contacts stay in the transferred position until the OFF DELAY timing period ends. They then return to their original position and the unit is ready for a new cycle.

3. OFF DELAY II:

Power is applied to the coil at all times. Upon the make and release of the start switch (a "dry" external contact), the OFF DELAY timing period begins and the contacts transfer, either connecting (normally open contacts) or disconnecting (normally closed contacts) the load. When the timing period ends, the contacts return to their original position and the unit is ready for a new cycle.

Off delay relays

4. INTERVAL DELAY:

When power is applied to the coil (the start switch must be jumped in multifunction timers), the INTERVAL timing period begins and the contacts transfer, either connecting (normally open contacts) or disconnecting (normally closed contacts) the load. When the INTERVAL timing period ends, the contacts return to their original position. The unit resets when power is removed from the coil, making the unit ready for a new cycle.

Interval delay relays

5. CYCLE 1 SHOT (EQUAL TIME OFF/ON):

When power is applied to the timer, timing starts. The output relay is OFF for the set time and then ON for the set time for 1 cycle only. The timer is reset when power is removed or a reset input is applied.

6. REPEAT CYCLE (EQUAL ON AND OFF DELAY TIME PERIODS):

When power is applied to the coil, the OFF time period is initiated; the contacts do not transfer. At the end of the OFF time period, the ON time period begins. The contacts transfer, either connecting (normally open contacts) or disconnecting (normally closed contacts) the load. At the end of the ON period, the contacts transfer and the cycle continues until power is removed from the coil.

7. REPEAT CYCLE (INDEPENDENT ON AND OFF DELAY TIME PERIODS):

When power is applied to the coil, the ON period is initiated by contact transfer (normally open contacts close, normally closed contacts open). At the end of the OFF period, contacts release and the ON period begins. The cycle continues until power is removed from the coil.

Repeat cycle (on first) delay relays

8. SIGNAL INTERVAL/OFF DELAY:

Power is applied to the coil at all times. Upon closure of the start switch (a "dry" external contact), the INTERVAL cycle begins; the contacts transfer, either connecting (normally open contacts) or disconnecting (normally closed contacts) the load. At the end of the INTERVAL cycle, the OFF DELAY cycle begins and the contacts stay transferred until the OFF DELAY cycle ends. The contacts then return to their original positions and the unit is ready for a new cycle.

9. SIGNAL ON DELAY/OFF DELAY:

Power is applied to the coil at all times. Upon closure of the start switch (a "dry" external contact), the ON DELAY cycle begins; the contacts do not transfer. At the end of the ON DELAY cycle the contacts transfer, either connecting (normally open contacts) or disconnecting (normally closed contacts) the load. Upon release of the start switch, the OFF DELAY cycle begins; the contacts remain transferred. At the end of the OFF DELAY cycle, the contacts return to their original positions and the unit is ready for a new cycle.

A signal on/off delay relay

10. POWER OFF DELAY:

When power is applied to the coil, the contacts transfer, either connecting (normally open contacts) or disconnecting (normally closed contacts) the load. When power is removed from the coil, the OFF DELAY timing period begins; contacts remain transferred. At the end of the OFF DELAY cycle, the contacts return to their original positions and the unit is ready for a new cycle.

11. WATCHDOG (RETRIGGERABLE SINGLE SHOT):

Upon application of input voltage, the time delay relay is ready to accept trigger signals. Upon application of the trigger signal, the relay is energized and the preset time begins. At the end of the preset time, the relay is de-energized unless the trigger signal is closed and opened prior to time out (before preset time elapses). Continuous cycling of the trigger signal at a rate faster than the preset time will cause the relay to remain energized.

Watchdog Delay Relays

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The product statements contained in this guide are intended for general informational purposes only. Such product statements do not constitute a product recommendation or representation as to the appropriateness, accuracy, completeness, correctness or currentness of the information provided. Information provided in this guide does not replace the use by you of any manufacturer instructions, technical product manual, or other professional resource or adviser available to you. Always read, understand and follow all manufacturer instructions.

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Time delay relays control the flow of electrical power. Learn about the 11 time delay functions and how they work.

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